Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; STLO, UMR 1253, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 35000 Rennes, France.
School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2019 Dec;274:102045. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102045. Epub 2019 Oct 17.
Because of their unusual chemical structure, bile salts (BS) play a fundamental role in intestinal lipid digestion and transport. BS have a planar arrangement of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, which enables the BS molecules to form peculiar self-assembled structures in aqueous solutions. This molecular arrangement also has an influence on specific interactions of BS with lipid molecules and other compounds of ingested food and digestive media. Those comprise the complex scenario in which lipolysis occurs. In this review, we discuss the BS synthesis, composition, bulk interactions and mode of action during lipid digestion and transport. We look specifically into surfactant-related functions of BS that affect lipolysis, such as interactions with dietary fibre and emulsifiers, the interfacial activity in facilitating lipase and colipase anchoring to the lipid substrate interface, and finally the role of BS in the intestinal transport of lipids. Unravelling the roles of BS in the processing of lipids in the gastrointestinal tract requires a detailed analysis of their interactions with different compounds. We provide an update on the most recent findings concerning two areas of BS involvement: lipolysis and intestinal transport. We first explore the interactions of BS with various dietary fibres and food emulsifiers in bulk and at interfaces, as these appear to be key aspects for understanding interactions with digestive media. Next, we explore the interactions of BS with components of the intestinal digestion environment, and the role of BS in displacing material from the oil-water interface and facilitating adsorption of lipase. We look into the process of desorption, solubilisation of lipolysis, products and formation of mixed micelles. Finally, the BS-driven interactions of colloidal particles with the small intestinal mucus layer are considered, providing new findings for the overall assessment of the role of BS in lipid digestion and intestinal transport. This review offers a unique compilation of well-established and most recent studies dealing with the interactions of BS with food emulsifiers, nanoparticles and dietary fibre, as well as with the luminal compounds of the gut, such as lipase-colipase, triglycerides and intestinal mucus. The combined analysis of these complex interactions may provide crucial information on the pattern and extent of lipid digestion. Such knowledge is important for controlling the uptake of dietary lipids or lipophilic pharmaceuticals in the gastrointestinal tract through the engineering of novel food structures or colloidal drug-delivery systems.
由于其特殊的化学结构，胆汁盐（BS）在肠道脂质消化和转运中起着至关重要的作用。BS 具有疏水性和亲水性部分的平面排列，这使得 BS 分子能够在水溶液中形成特殊的自组装结构。这种分子排列还会影响 BS 与脂质分子和摄入食物及消化介质中其他化合物的特定相互作用。这些相互作用构成了脂肪分解发生的复杂情况。在本综述中，我们讨论了 BS 的合成、组成、总体相互作用和在脂质消化和转运中的作用模式。我们特别关注 BS 的表面活性剂相关功能，这些功能影响脂肪分解，例如与膳食纤维和乳化剂的相互作用、促进脂肪酶和辅脂酶与脂质底物界面结合的界面活性，以及 BS 在脂质肠转运中的作用。要阐明 BS 在胃肠道脂质加工中的作用，需要详细分析其与不同化合物的相互作用。我们提供了关于 BS 两个参与领域的最新发现的最新信息：脂肪分解和肠道转运。我们首先探索了 BS 在总体和界面上与各种膳食纤维和食品乳化剂的相互作用，因为这些似乎是理解与消化介质相互作用的关键方面。接下来，我们探讨了 BS 与肠道消化环境成分的相互作用，以及 BS 在从油水界面置换物质和促进脂肪酶吸附方面的作用。我们研究了解吸、脂肪水解产物的溶解、形成混合胶束的过程。最后，考虑了胶体颗粒与小肠黏液层的 BS 驱动相互作用，为评估 BS 在脂质消化和肠道转运中的作用提供了新的发现。本综述提供了一个独特的综合，其中包括处理 BS 与食品乳化剂、纳米颗粒和膳食纤维以及肠道腔化合物（如脂肪酶-辅脂酶、甘油三酯和肠道黏液）相互作用的成熟和最新研究。对这些复杂相互作用的综合分析可以提供关于脂质消化模式和程度的关键信息。这些知识对于通过设计新型食品结构或胶体药物传递系统来控制胃肠道中膳食脂质或亲脂性药物的吸收非常重要。
