Dimeric Molecular Structure of Molten Gallium Trichloride and a Hidden Evolution toward a Possible Liquid-Liquid Transition.

Group 13 trihalides MY (M = Al, Ga, and In; Y = Cl, Br, and I) mostly having a dimeric MY molecular structure in the solid state and a mixture of MY dimers and MY monomers in the vapor phase are potential candidates for entropy-driven liquid-liquid transition MY ⇄ 2MY at elevated temperatures. Using pulsed neutron diffraction and high-energy X-ray scattering supported by structural modeling, we show a dimer molecular structure of liquid GaCl above the melting point at 351 K and midway between the boiling point (474 K) and the critical temperature (694 K) with almost hidden characteristic evolution toward a possible liquid-liquid transition. In contrast to edge-sharing (ES) dimers in solid and vapor of symmetry, the ES GaCl molecules in the melt have a puckered structure of the central four-membered ring with shorter Cl-Cl (2.90-3.09 Å) and longer Ga-Ga (3.20-3.26 Å) second-neighbor correlations. The elongation of Ga-Ga intramolecular distances with increasing temperature simultaneously with diminished Cl-Cl nearest neighbor contacts destabilizes the ES dimers, indicating the first step toward dimer dissociation.