College of Nursing, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
J Midwifery Womens Health. 2019 Nov;64(6):734-742. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.13058. Epub 2019 Nov 11.
Although breastfeeding has been shown to improve health outcomes for infants, African American women initiate and continue breastfeeding at lower rates than women from other racial groups. This scoping review was conducted to assess the effect racism, bias, and discrimination have on breastfeeding care, support, and outcomes for African American women.
A scoping review was performed of the literature published between January 2010 through December 2019 using databases MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts. Studies that examined racism, bias, or discrimination with breastfeeding as an outcome were included. After a review of titles and abstracts of the articles using exclusion and inclusion criteria, 5 full-text articles were included in the scoping review.
The qualitative and quantitative studies reviewed provide the perspectives of pregnant and postpartum African American women as well as those of health care providers. African American women's experiences of racism adversely affected both breastfeeding initiation and duration. Health care providers' biased assumption that African American women would not breastfeed affected the quality of breastfeeding support provided to them. Specifically, African American women received fewer referrals for lactation support and more limited assistance when problems developed. This scoping review provides evidence that African American women experience racism, bias, and discrimination affecting breastfeeding care, support, and outcomes.
Racism, bias, and discrimination are modifiable barriers that adversely affect breastfeeding among African American women. Researchers and health care providers are encouraged to consider the effect of racism, bias, and discrimination on breastfeeding care, support, and outcomes.
尽管母乳喂养已被证明能改善婴儿的健康结果，但非裔美国女性的母乳喂养起始率和持续率低于其他种族群体的女性。本范围性综述旨在评估种族主义、偏见和歧视对非裔美国女性的母乳喂养护理、支持和结果的影响。
对 2010 年 1 月至 2019 年 12 月期间发表的文献进行了范围性综述，使用的数据库有 MEDLINE（通过 PubMed）、CINAHL、 Cochrane Library、PsycINFO 和 Sociological Abstracts。纳入了以母乳喂养为结果，考察种族主义、偏见或歧视的研究。在使用排除和纳入标准对文章的标题和摘要进行审查后，有 5 篇全文文章被纳入范围性综述。
回顾的定性和定量研究提供了怀孕和产后非裔美国女性以及医疗保健提供者的观点。非裔美国女性的种族主义经历对母乳喂养的起始和持续时间都有不利影响。医疗保健提供者基于偏见的假设，即非裔美国女性不会母乳喂养，这影响了为她们提供的母乳喂养支持的质量。具体来说，非裔美国女性获得的哺乳支持转介较少，当出现问题时得到的帮助也较少。本范围性综述提供的证据表明，非裔美国女性经历了影响母乳喂养护理、支持和结果的种族主义、偏见和歧视。
种族主义、偏见和歧视是可改变的障碍，会对非裔美国女性的母乳喂养产生不利影响。鼓励研究人员和医疗保健提供者考虑种族主义、偏见和歧视对母乳喂养护理、支持和结果的影响。
