Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
Differentiation. 2020 Jan-Feb;111:79-97. doi: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.07.006. Epub 2019 Sep 7.
The goal of this report is (a) to provide the first detailed description of mouse clitoral development, and (b) to compare mouse and human clitoral development. For this purpose, external genitalia of female mice were examined by wholemount microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry from 14 days of gestation to 10 days postnatal. Human clitoral development was examined by these techniques as well as by scanning electron microscopy and optical projection tomography from 8 to 19 weeks of gestation. The adult mouse clitoris is an internal organ defined by a U-shaped clitoral lamina whose development is associated with the prenatal medial and distal growth of the female preputial swellings along the sides of the genital tubercle to form the circumferential preputial lamina. Regression of the ventral aspect of the preputial lamina leads to formation of the U-shaped clitoral lamina recognized as early as 17 days of gestation. While the adult U-shaped mouse clitoral lamina is closely associated with the vagina, and it appears to be completely non-responsive to estrogen as opposed to the highly estrogen-responsive vaginal epithelium. The prominent perineal appendage in adult females is prepuce, formed via fusion of the embryonic preputial swellings and is not the clitoris. The human clitoris is in many respects a smaller anatomic version of the human penis having all of the external and internal elements except the urethra. The human clitoris (like the human penis) is derived from the genital tubercle with the clitoral glans projecting into the vaginal vestibule. Adult morphology and developmental processes are virtually non-comparable in the mouse and human clitoris.
(a) 详细描述小鼠阴蒂的发育过程；(b) 比较小鼠和人类阴蒂的发育过程。为此，我们采用整体显微镜检查、组织学和免疫组织化学的方法，检测了妊娠 14 天至出生后 10 天的雌性小鼠外生殖器；同时还采用这些技术以及扫描电子显微镜和光学投影断层扫描的方法，检测了妊娠 8 周至 19 周的人类阴蒂。成年小鼠的阴蒂是一种内部器官，由 U 形阴蒂板定义，其发育与雌性阴蒂肿胀的内侧和远端在生殖嵴两侧的预产前生长有关，从而形成环绕的阴蒂板。阴蒂板腹侧的退化导致早在妊娠 17 天就形成 U 形阴蒂板。虽然成年小鼠的 U 形阴蒂板与阴道密切相关，但它似乎对雌激素完全没有反应，而不像高度敏感的阴道上皮。成年雌性的突出会阴附属物是包皮，它是通过胚胎阴蒂肿胀的融合形成的，而不是阴蒂。在许多方面，人类的阴蒂是人类阴茎的一个较小的解剖版本，它具有所有的外部和内部元素，除了尿道。人类的阴蒂（与人类的阴茎一样）起源于生殖嵴，阴蒂头突出到阴道前庭。在小鼠和人类的阴蒂中，成年形态和发育过程几乎没有可比性。
