On the Mechanics of Immediate Corrections and Aftereffects in Prism Adaptation.

Prisms laterally shifting the perceived visual world cause arm movements to deviate from intended targets. The resulting error-the direct effect-both for pointing and throwing movements, usually corresponds to only around half of the prism's optical power due to an "immediate correction effect". We investigated the mechanisms of this immediate correction effect. In three experiments with 73 healthy subjects we find that the immediate correction effect is associated with a head and/or eye rotation. Since these rotations are subconscious they are not taken into account by the participants. These subconscious rotations compensate for a large portion of the prism's optical effect and change the subjective straight ahead. These movements seem to be induced only in a rich visual environment and hence do not take place in the dark. They correspond to the difference between the direct effect and the optical power of the prisms and seem to cause the immediate correction effect. Hence, eye-hand adaptation only adapts to the prism's optical power minus unconscious head rotation and hence is much smaller than the optical power of the prisms.