Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, Denmark.
Pacific Gas and Electric, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Indoor Air. 2020 Mar;30(2):335-345. doi: 10.1111/ina.12626. Epub 2019 Dec 10.
In this paper, we report on the indoor concentrations from a suite of full-scale outdoor tracer-gas point releases conducted in the downtown area of Oklahoma City in 2003. A point release experiment consisted of releases of sulfur hexafluoride (SF ) in multiple buildings and from different outdoor locations. From the measurements, we are able to estimate the concentration variations indoors for a building operating under "typical" operating conditions. The mean indoor spatial coefficients of variation are 30% to 45% from a daytime outdoor release are around 80% during an outdoor evening release. Having estimates of the spatial coefficient of variation provides stakeholders, including first responders, with the likely range of concentrations in the building when little is known about the building characteristics and operating behavior, such as developing urban-scale hazard and consequence analyses. We show differences in indoor measurements at different distances to the release points, floors of the building, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system (HVAC) operation. We also show estimates at different time resolutions. The statistics show that in the studied medium to large commercial buildings, spatial differences would result in peak indoor concentrations in certain parts of the buildings that may be substantially higher than the building average. To our knowledge, very few tracer gas measurements have been conducted in buildings of this scope, particularly with measurements on multiple floors and within a floor. The resulting estimates of spatial variability provide a unique opportunity for hazard assessment, and comparison to multi-zone models.
本文报告了 2003 年在俄克拉荷马城市中心进行的一系列全尺度户外示踪气体点释放的室内浓度。点释放实验包括在多座建筑物中以及从不同的户外地点释放六氟化硫 (SF )。通过测量，我们能够估算出建筑物在“典型”运行条件下的室内浓度变化。在白天进行的户外释放时，室内空间变异系数的平均值为 30%至 45%，而在户外傍晚释放时则约为 80%。了解建筑物特征和运行行为（例如开发城市规模的危害和后果分析）的信息很少时，拥有空间变异系数的估计值可为利益相关者（包括急救人员）提供建筑物内浓度的可能范围。我们展示了不同距离的室内测量结果，建筑物的不同楼层以及加热、通风和空调系统（HVAC）的运行情况。我们还展示了不同时间分辨率的估计值。统计数据表明，在研究的中型到大型商业建筑中，空间差异将导致建筑物某些部分的峰值室内浓度可能大大高于建筑物平均值。据我们所知，很少有示踪气体测量在这种规模的建筑物中进行，特别是在多个楼层和一个楼层内进行测量。空间变异性的估算结果为危害评估提供了独特的机会，并与多区域模型进行了比较。
