Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2021;253:43-64. doi: 10.1007/398_2019_37.
Traditionally our tools for environmental risk assessment of organic chemicals have been developed for neutral chemicals. However, many commercial chemicals are ionic or ionizable and require different tools and approaches for their assessment. In recent years this task starts to obtain increasing attention but our understanding for their environmental fate is still far behind that for neutral chemicals. This review first gives an overview on the principles that govern ionic partitioning in environmental systems which are more complex than the simple partition processes of neutral chemicals. Second, a summary of our current knowledge on various topics such as bioaccumulation, sorption in soils, and nonspecific-toxicity reveals that ionic species can actually be quite hydrophobic contrary to commonly held beliefs. Eventually, we discuss existing models for the quantitative prediction of organic ions' sorption in soils and biota. We have to assert that the available model tools are quite restricted in their application range compared to neutral chemicals which is due to the higher complexity of the various ionic sorption processes. In order to further advance our understanding more high-quality sorption data are needed with a focus on multivalent and zwitterionic ions in all partition systems as well as cations in biological matrices.
传统上，我们用于有机化学物质环境风险评估的工具是针对中性化学物质开发的。然而，许多商业化学物质是离子的或可离解的，因此需要不同的工具和方法来评估它们。近年来，这一任务开始受到越来越多的关注，但我们对它们在环境中的归宿的理解仍然远远落后于对中性化学物质的理解。本文首先概述了控制环境系统中离子分配的原则，这些原则比中性化学物质的简单分配过程复杂得多。其次，对生物积累、土壤吸附和非特异性毒性等各种主题的现有知识进行了总结，结果表明，与普遍的看法相反，离子物种实际上可能相当疏水。最后，我们讨论了现有的定量预测有机离子在土壤和生物群中吸附的模型。我们必须断言，与中性化学物质相比，可用的模型工具在其应用范围上受到相当大的限制，这是由于各种离子吸附过程的复杂性更高。为了进一步提高我们的认识，需要更多高质量的吸附数据，重点是所有分配系统中的多价和两性离子以及生物基质中的阳离子。
