Crawford Patricia B
University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA,
Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2019;92:107-118. doi: 10.1159/000499552. Epub 2019 Nov 28.
The risk of chronic disease is widespread. In the United States, nearly 60% of the population has at least 1 chronic health condition. Among the most common are cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, all of which are associated with poor diet quality. At these levels, strategies are needed that can effectively impact widespread dietary practices and population nutrition and health. Increasingly, the food environment has been recognized as a powerful influencer of the quality of diets of community members. Local nutrition policies can effectively change the food environment in ways that increase access and affordability to healthful food and beverage choices and reduce access to and affordability of less healthful food and beverage choices. While much of the effort to change dietary practices is focused on education, this paper discusses 3 strategies by which nutrition policy can improve the dietary practices of individuals: (1) promoting healthy food purchases in the retail food environment, (2) improving access to healthy foods and beverages in food assistance programs, and (3) reducing access to less healthy foods and beverages through the use of taxes. Often enhanced by educational efforts, these strategies, used by government, business, and voluntary organizations, together make it easier for the public to make healthful dietary choices and thereby reduce the risk of chronic disease.
慢性病风险广泛存在。在美国，近60%的人口至少患有一种慢性健康疾病。其中最常见的是心血管疾病、肥胖症和2型糖尿病，所有这些都与不良的饮食质量有关。在这种情况下，需要能有效影响广泛的饮食习惯以及人群营养与健康的策略。越来越多的人认识到食品环境是社区成员饮食质量的有力影响因素。地方营养政策能够以增加健康食品和饮料选择的可及性与可负担性、减少不健康食品和饮料选择的可及性与可负担性的方式，有效改变食品环境。虽然改变饮食习惯的大部分努力都集中在教育上，但本文讨论了营养政策可改善个人饮食习惯的三种策略：（1）在零售食品环境中促进健康食品购买；（2）在食品援助计划中改善健康食品和饮料的可及性；（3）通过征税减少不健康食品和饮料的可及性。这些策略通常通过教育努力得到加强，由政府、企业和志愿组织使用，共同使公众更容易做出健康的饮食选择，从而降低慢性病风险。
