Anti-Apoptotic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Edible Fresh Water Algae in UVB-Irradiated Skin Keratinocytes.

Skin is the outer tissue layer and is a barrier protecting the body from various external stresses. The fresh water green edible algae has antiviral, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties; however, few studies of its effects on skin-protection have been reported. In this study, ethanol extract (Pj-EE) was prepared, and its skin-protective properties were investigated in skin keratinocytes. Pj-EE inhibited ROS production in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells without cytotoxicity. Pj-EE also suppressed the apoptotic death of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells by decreasing the generation of apoptotic bodies and the proteolytic activation of apoptosis caspase-3, -8, and -9. Moreover, Pj-EE downregulated the mRNA expression of the inflammatory gene cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the pro-inflammatory cytokine genes interleukin (IL)-1, IL-8, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, and interferon (IFN)-, and the tissue remodeling genes matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -2, -3, and -9. The Pj-EE-induced anti-inflammatory effect was mediated by suppressing the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-B) signaling pathway in the UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Pj-EE exerts skin-protective effects through anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities in skin keratinocytes.