Departamento de Antropología Social, Universidad de Granada, Spain.
J Biosoc Sci. 2020 Nov;52(6):809-831. doi: 10.1017/S0021932019000804. Epub 2019 Dec 13.
Using data from the family and genealogical reconstitutions of the Gitano population of 22 contiguous localities in eastern Andalusia, Spain, this study analysed the intensity, structure and historical evolution of consanguinity in 3056 couples formed from 1925 to 2006. Of these unions, 54.8% were consanguineous, and 28.7% involved relatives up to and including second cousins, resulting in a mean coefficient of inbreeding up to the third degree α3 = 12.4 × 10-3. The rest of the consanguineous unions (26.1% of all) involved more-distant relatives, such as third cousins, fourth cousins and so forth. When all consanguinity degrees found in the genealogical reconstitution were considered, the total mean coefficient of inbreeding was αt = 14.8 × 10-3. The merging of families and pedigrees generated a complex genealogical network with many inbreeding loops and important founder effects. This network revealed a high rate (62%) of Multiple Consanguineous Marriages (MCMs) in which second and subsequent consanguineous ties increased inbreeding levels by a fifth (20.5%). The accumulation of multiple degrees of distant relatedness, many of which had little social or biological importance, has contributed to a significant increase in inbreeding rates. Among Gitano people, intra-family marriages have remained common in the last decades, in sharp contrast to other Spanish populations. Hence the highest rates of close consanguinity (34%) and inbreeding (α3 = 14.6 × 10-3) were found in the 1960s, the decade that saw the onset of Spain's socioeconomic modernization, internationalization and massive migration. These are among the highest rates of inbreeding found in any European population, including the most endogamous Spanish isolates. They reveal marriage strategies not constrained primarily by geographical barriers, but by ethnocultural separation. Interestingly, in recent decades mixed marriages have been increasing rapidly in this minority, although they are compatible with high rates of consanguinity. Gitano secular endogamy is breaking up, but not uniformly.
使用来自西班牙安达卢西亚东部 22 个连续地区的吉普赛人家族和系谱重建的数据，本研究分析了 1925 年至 2006 年间形成的 3056 对夫妇中近亲婚配的强度、结构和历史演变。在这些婚姻中，有 54.8%是近亲婚配，其中 28.7%涉及表亲或堂亲，导致第三度近亲系数α3为 12.4×10-3。其余的近亲婚姻（占所有婚姻的 26.1%）涉及更远的亲属，如三亲、四亲等。当考虑到系谱重建中发现的所有近亲关系程度时，总近亲系数αt为 14.8×10-3。家庭和系谱的合并产生了一个复杂的系谱网络，其中有许多近亲循环和重要的奠基者效应。该网络显示出高比例（62%）的多重近亲婚姻（MCMs），其中第二亲等和后续近亲关系将近亲系数提高了五分之一（20.5%）。多种远亲关系的积累，其中许多在社会或生物学上没有重要意义，导致近亲系数显著增加。在吉普赛人中，近亲婚姻在过去几十年中仍然很普遍，与其他西班牙人群形成鲜明对比。因此，最密切的近亲关系（34%）和近亲系数（α3=14.6×10-3）出现在 20 世纪 60 年代，这十年见证了西班牙社会经济现代化、国际化和大规模移民的开始。这些是在任何欧洲人群中发现的最高近亲系数之一，包括最具内婚倾向的西班牙孤立人群。它们揭示了婚姻策略不受地理障碍主要限制，而是受民族文化隔离的限制。有趣的是，在最近几十年，这种少数民族中的异族通婚迅速增加，尽管这与高近亲系数是兼容的。吉普赛人的世俗内婚正在解体，但不是均匀的。
