Espín Antonio M, Brañas-Garza Pablo, Gamella Juan F, Herrmann Benedikt, Martín Jesús
Departamento de Antropología Social, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain.
Loyola Behavioral Lab, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Escritor Castilla Aguayo, 4, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
Evol Hum Sci. 2022 Aug 1;4:e35. doi: 10.1017/ehs.2022.32. eCollection 2022.
Humans often 'altruistically' punish non-cooperators in one-shot interactions among genetically unrelated individuals. This poses an evolutionary puzzle because altruistic punishment enforces cooperation norms that benefit the whole group but is costly for the punisher. One key explanation is that punishment follows a social-benefits logic: it is eminently normative and group-functional (drawing on cultural group selection theories). In contrast, mismatch-based deterrence theory argues that punishment serves the individual-level function of deterring mistreatment of oneself and one's allies, hinging upon the evolved human coalitional psychology. We conducted multilateral-cooperation experiments with a sample of Spanish Romani people ( or ) and the non- majority. The represent a unique case study because they rely heavily on close kin-based networks and display a strong ethnic identity. We find that non-cooperators were not punished by co-ethnics in only- (ethnically) homogeneous groups but were harshly punished by other and by non- in ethnically mixed groups. Our findings suggest the existence of culture-specific motives for punishment: , especially males, appear to use punishment to protect their ethnic identity, whereas non- use punishment to protect a norm of universal cooperation. Only theories that consider normative, group-functional forces underlying punishment behaviour can explain our data.
在基因上不相关的个体之间的一次性互动中，人类常常会“利他地”惩罚不合作者。这构成了一个进化难题，因为利他惩罚强化了有利于整个群体的合作规范，但对惩罚者来说成本高昂。一个关键的解释是，惩罚遵循社会利益逻辑：它具有显著的规范性和群体功能性（借鉴文化群体选择理论）。相比之下，基于不匹配的威慑理论认为，惩罚具有个体层面的功能，即威慑对自己和盟友的虐待，这取决于人类进化而来的联盟心理。我们对西班牙罗姆人（或）和非多数群体的样本进行了多边合作实验。罗姆人代表了一个独特的案例研究，因为他们严重依赖基于近亲的网络，并表现出强烈的族群认同感。我们发现，在只有（种族）同质群体中，罗姆人不合作者不会受到同族人的惩罚，但在种族混合群体中，他们会受到其他罗姆人和非罗姆人的严厉惩罚。我们的研究结果表明存在特定文化的惩罚动机：罗姆人，尤其是男性，似乎利用惩罚来保护他们的族群身份，而非罗姆人利用惩罚来维护普遍合作的规范。只有考虑到惩罚行为背后规范性、群体功能性力量的理论才能解释我们的数据。
