Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, China.
Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Feb 20;704:135277. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135277. Epub 2019 Nov 23.
The occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in swimming pool waters has been scarcely investigated. In this study, the concentrations of 20 EDCs (4 phenols, 6 estrogens, 4 progestogens, 5 androgens, and 1 pharmaceutical) in 40 outdoor and indoor swimming pools in Changsha, China were investigated. Out of them, two phenols (bisphenol A and 4-tert-octylphenol), three estrogens (17β-estradiol, 17ɑ-ethinlestradiol (EE2), and hexestrol), one pharmaceutical (caffeine), and two progestogens (progesterone and levonorgestrel) were detected in the collected samples. The androgens were not detected. Bisphenol A and caffeine were the dominant EDCs at concentrations of ND-23.22 ng/L and ND-39.08 ng/L, respectively. The levels of caffeine were significantly higher in indoor swimming pools (11.15 ng/L in average) than those in outdoor pools (1.90 ng/L in average) (p < 0.05), owing to the less sun's UV radiation and less use of sunscreens containing caffeine. The progestogens (progesterone and levonorgestrel) and estrogens (17β-estradiol and hexestrol) were only detected in outdoor swimming pools. The detection frequencies and concentrations of bisphenol A and caffeine in downtown pools were significantly higher than those in outskirt pools. Besides, the correlations between the concentrations of EDCs and water quality parameters evaluated by the Spearman correlation analysis implied that residual chlorine had strong oxidant capable to bisphenol A and suggested that caffeine could be a potential indicator of organic contamination in swimming pool water. Finally, a quantitative risk assessment revealed that non-athletic child and athletic adult female were vulnerable subpopulations. The EDI of EE2 for athletic child, non-athletic female, non-athletic male, and non-athletic child were higher than ADI adopted by Australia and the EDI of EE2 for athletic female and athletic male were higher than ADI adopted by the United States.
游泳池水中内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs）的出现很少受到关注。本研究调查了中国长沙 40 个室外和室内游泳池中 20 种 EDCs（4 种酚类、6 种雌激素、4 种孕激素、5 种雄激素和 1 种药物）的浓度。在采集的样本中检测到了两种酚类（双酚 A 和 4-叔辛基酚）、三种雌激素（17β-雌二醇、17α-乙炔基雌二醇（EE2）和己烯雌酚）、一种药物（咖啡因）和两种孕激素（孕酮和左炔诺孕酮）。未检测到雄激素。双酚 A 和咖啡因的浓度分别为 ND-23.22ng/L 和 ND-39.08ng/L，是主要的 EDC。室内游泳池中咖啡因的浓度（平均 11.15ng/L）明显高于室外游泳池（平均 1.90ng/L）（p<0.05），这是由于室内游泳池阳光的紫外线辐射较少，且使用的防晒霜中含咖啡因较少。孕激素（孕酮和左炔诺孕酮）和雌激素（17β-雌二醇和己烯雌酚）仅在室外游泳池中检测到。市中心游泳池中双酚 A 和咖啡因的检出频率和浓度明显高于郊区游泳池。此外，通过 Spearman 相关分析评估水质参数与 EDC 浓度之间的相关性表明，余氯具有强氧化剂，能够氧化双酚 A，并表明咖啡因可能是游泳池水中有机污染的潜在指标。最后，定量风险评估显示，非运动儿童和运动成年女性是易受影响的亚人群。运动儿童、非运动女性、非运动男性和非运动儿童的 EE2 的 EDI 高于澳大利亚采用的 ADI，运动女性和运动男性的 EE2 的 EDI 高于美国采用的 ADI。
