Bamboo - An untapped plant resource for the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils.

Phytoremediation is a green technology used for the remediation of heavy metal soils. However, up to now, very few plants are known to be both hyperaccumulators and fast-growers. In contrast, some non-hyperaccumulators, which possess lower extraction capacities than hyperaccumulators, are fast-growing species with much higher total biomass yields and are potential alternative phytoremediators. Bamboo is a taxonomic group comprised of 1439 species that are mostly distributed in the tropics and subtropics. Although limited studies on bamboo for phytoremediation, recent studies have shown that some bamboo species have high ability to adapt to metalliferous environments and a high capacity to absorb heavy metals. Bamboo tissues in the rhizome and culm can accumulate a large amount of heavy metals that mainly accumulate in the cell wall, vacuole, and cytoplasm. Certain bamboo species such as moso bamboo, Phyllostachys praecox, have been shown to have a high endurance in metal contaminated soils, enabling a considerable uptake and accumulation of heavy metals. However, excessive concentrations of heavy metals may cause oxidative stress and damage bamboo plants. Therefore, several management strategies have been developed to improve the phytoremediation ability of bamboo species, including the selection of tolerant bamboo species, intercropping with hyperaccumulators, fertilization applications, and employment of chelate in soil. This review demonstrates that bamboo species, which have high biomass productivity, short rotation, and high economic value, can be used for phytoremediation. However, the mechanisms of heavy metal uptake, transport, sequestration, and detoxification of different bamboo species require urgent investigation.