Heller Morton A, Adams Nelson, Shuemaker Jessie, Graven Toro
Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, USA.
Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
Atten Percept Psychophys. 2020 May;82(4):2119-2136. doi: 10.3758/s13414-019-01885-3.
In seven experiments we examined haptic memory for location, item information, and orientation for 12 tangible pictures, geometrical forms, and letter shapes in the change task. The study evaluated the influence of stimulus familiarity on change task performance. In the change task, participants are exposed to an array of patterns and subsequently have to indicate which ones have been altered on a second array. We also sought to determine whether prior demonstrations of female advantages in the haptic change task were reliable (Heller et al., 2010). The present experiments failed to replicate gender differences, overall with large samples. When participants were told about the nature of the picture change they should anticipate (45° or 90° rotation, location exchange), comparable performance was found for the groups in Experiment 1. In another experiment, participants were not told what sort of change might occur, and higher performance was found for the 90° rotation group than for the location exchange and 45° groups. Participants benefited from explicit instructions about the nature of the change. Telling participants the names of the raised-line pictures during initial study improved both change performance with the pictures and subsequent recognition. Changes derived from the substitution of new tangible print capital letters were easier to detect than location exchanges of the letters. Changes from letters to geometrical shapes were easy to detect. High performance resulted when participants were told to indicate which tangible letters were turned (45° or 90°) or exchanged in a final experiment. The results suggest the importance of pattern familiarity in haptic spatial memory.
在七项实验中，我们在变化任务中考察了对12张实体图片、几何图形和字母形状的位置、物品信息及方向的触觉记忆。该研究评估了刺激熟悉度对变化任务表现的影响。在变化任务中，参与者会看到一系列图案，随后必须指出在第二个阵列中哪些图案发生了变化。我们还试图确定之前关于女性在触觉变化任务中具有优势的研究结果是否可靠（赫勒等人，2010年）。目前的实验未能在大样本情况下重现性别差异。当告知参与者他们应该预期的图片变化的性质（45°或90°旋转、位置交换）时，实验1中的各小组表现相当。在另一项实验中，未告知参与者可能会发生何种变化，结果发现90°旋转组的表现高于位置交换组和45°旋转组。参与者从关于变化性质的明确指示中受益。在初始研究期间告知参与者凸线图片的名称，既能提高对图片的变化任务表现，也能提升后续识别能力。用新的实体印刷大写字母替换所产生的变化比字母的位置交换更容易被察觉。从字母变为几何形状的变化很容易被察觉。在最后一项实验中，当告知参与者指出哪些实体字母被转动了（45°或90°）或被交换了时，参与者表现出色。结果表明图案熟悉度在触觉空间记忆中的重要性。
