Wilson M E, Gordon T P, Rudman C G, Tanner J M
Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.
Endocrinology. 1988 Dec;123(6):2653-61. doi: 10.1210/endo-123-6-2653.
To identify factors that regulate the tempo of growth and puberty, the present study examined how the environment influenced the timing of menarche and first ovulation in rhesus monkeys and how these events were related to differential rates of growth. Spring-born females were raised from 12 months of age under natural outdoor conditions (OH; n = 6) or indoors (IH; n = 9) under a controlled photoperiod (12h of light, 12h of darkness) and temperature (20-23 C). Ages at the initial increases in serum bioactive LH levels (27.7 +/- 0.7 vs. 31.4 +/- 1.0 months), menarche (26.0 +/- 0.7 vs. 32.5 +/- 0.9 months), and first ovulation (33.9 +/- 1.4 vs. 43.5 +/- 0.3 months) were significantly advanced in IH compared to OH females. First ovulation for the OH females occurred exclusively in October and November of the fourth year, whereas the distribution of first ovulation of IH females was biomodal, with seven of nine occurring in November or December at 31.8 +/- 0.5 months, and two of nine ovulating in September or October at 41.2 +/- 0.5 months. Serum levels of PRL varied seasonally in OH females throughout development, with peaks in July and nadirs in October. A similar rhythm was observed for IH females during the first 12 months of indoor housing, after which point the period decreased from 11.9 +/- 0.5 to 9.3 +/- 0.6 months. Overall increments in body weight did not differ between groups. An acceleration of growth in both crown-rump and tibial lengths occurred just before menarche in both groups, and this occurred at about 26 months for IH and about 32 months for OH females. Skeletal maturity was significantly advanced at 27 months in IH females and at every chronological age thereafter. Serum concentrations of somatomedin-C and GH paralleled group differences in bone maturation. Both hormones were significantly elevated by 16-18 months of age in IH animals compared to OH females and remained so until 34-36 months of age. Although a distinct seasonal rhythm in both GH and somatomedin-C was evident in OH animals, no such pattern was observed in IH females. These data suggest that exposure to an outdoor environment moderates the tempo of both sexual and skeletal maturation. The acceleration in reproductive development in animals exposed to a constant environment was associated with an acceleration in bone maturation, suggesting that common factors may be responsible for the initiation of both events.
为了确定调节生长和青春期节奏的因素，本研究考察了环境如何影响恒河猴月经初潮和首次排卵的时间，以及这些事件与不同生长速率之间的关系。春季出生的雌性恒河猴从12个月大开始，分别在自然户外条件下（OH组；n = 6）或室内（IH组；n = 9）饲养，室内饲养环境的光照周期（12小时光照、12小时黑暗）和温度（20 - 23摄氏度）受到控制。与OH组雌性相比，IH组雌性血清生物活性促黄体生成素（LH）水平开始升高的年龄（27.7 ± 0.7个月对31.4 ± 1.0个月）、月经初潮年龄（26.0 ± 0.7个月对32.5 ± 0.9个月）和首次排卵年龄（33.9 ± 1.4个月对43.5 ± 0.3个月）均显著提前。OH组雌性的首次排卵仅发生在第四年的10月和11月，而IH组雌性首次排卵的分布呈双峰模式，9只中有7只在31.8 ± 0.5个月时于11月或12月排卵，9只中有2只在41.2 ± 0.5个月时于9月或10月排卵。在整个发育过程中，OH组雌性血清催乳素（PRL）水平随季节变化，7月达到峰值，10月降至最低点。在室内饲养的前12个月，IH组雌性也观察到类似的节律，此后该周期从11.9 ± 0.5个月缩短至9.3 ± 0.6个月。两组之间总体体重增加没有差异。两组雌性在月经初潮前，顶臀长和胫骨长度均出现生长加速，IH组约在26个月时出现，OH组约在32个月时出现。IH组雌性在27个月时骨骼成熟显著提前，此后在每个实际年龄均如此。与OH组雌性相比，IH组动物在16 - 18个月龄时血清生长调节素 - C和生长激素（GH）浓度显著升高，并一直保持到34 - 36个月龄。虽然OH组动物的GH和生长调节素 - C均呈现明显的季节性节律，但在IH组雌性中未观察到这种模式。这些数据表明，暴露于户外环境会减缓性成熟和骨骼成熟的节奏。暴露于恒定环境的动物生殖发育加速与骨骼成熟加速相关，这表明可能存在共同因素引发这两个事件。
