Food Chemistry and Food Development, Dept. of Biochemistry, Univ. of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland.
Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Univ. of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66 FI-00014, Finland.
J Food Sci. 2020 Feb;85(2):364-373. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.15025. Epub 2020 Jan 24.
Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) is increasingly cultivated to produce raw materials for food and nutraceuticals. There is little knowledge on composition of sea buckthorn leaves (SBLs) and the key factors influencing the composition. This research aims to unravel the metabolic profile of SBLs and the effects of cultivar, location and stage of growth, and climatic conditions on the metabolic profile of SBLs. Leaves of two sea buckthorn cultivars grown in the south and north of Finland during two consecutive growth seasons were studied using untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics. The highest variance in the metabolic profile was linked to the growth stage, wherein leaves from the first 7 weeks of harvest were characterized with higher abundance of polyphenols, while relatively higher abundance of carbohydrates and sugars was observed in the later weeks. The growth location attributed for the second highest variation, wherein the north-south comparison identified fatty acids and sugars as discriminatory metabolites, and the potential association of metabolome to natural abiotic stressors was revealed. An inverse correlation between carbohydrate/sugar content as well as fatty acids of higher carbon chain length with the temperature variables was evident. The supervised chemometric models with high sensitivity and specificity classified and predicted the samples based on growth stage and location, and cultivar. Nontargeted NMR-metabolomics revealed the metabolic profile of SBLs and their variation associated with various biotic and abiotic factors. Cultivar and growth stage are key factors to consider when harvesting SBLs for use in food and nutraceuticals. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Globally, sea buckthorn cultivation has been rapidly increasing due to the known health-promoting benefits of the berries and leaves of the plant. The current research obtained new comprehensive information on the compositional profile of sea buckthorn leaves as well as the impact of major contributory factors, such as cultivars, the advancement of growth stage, geographical location, and weather parameters. The findings of this research provide new knowledge and guidance for plant breeding, cultivation and commercial utilization of sea buckthorn leaves as raw materials for food, feed, and nutraceuticals.
沙棘（Hippophaë rhamnoides）的种植面积不断扩大，以生产食品和营养保健品的原材料。然而，人们对沙棘叶的成分知之甚少，也不清楚影响其成分的关键因素。本研究旨在揭示沙棘叶的代谢特征，以及品种、种植地点和生长阶段、气候条件对沙棘叶代谢特征的影响。本研究使用非靶向核磁共振（NMR）代谢组学方法，研究了在芬兰南部和北部连续两个生长季节种植的两个沙棘品种的叶片。研究结果表明，代谢特征的最大差异与生长阶段有关，在收获的前 7 周内，叶片中的多酚含量较高，而在后几周内，碳水化合物和糖的含量相对较高。生长地点是造成第二大差异的原因，南北对比确定了脂肪酸和糖是有区别的代谢物，同时还揭示了代谢组与自然非生物胁迫因素之间的潜在关联。碳水化合物/糖含量以及较长碳链脂肪酸与温度变量之间存在明显的负相关关系。具有高灵敏度和特异性的监督化学计量模型能够根据生长阶段和地点以及品种对样本进行分类和预测。非靶向 NMR 代谢组学揭示了沙棘叶的代谢特征及其与各种生物和非生物因素变化的关联。在收获沙棘叶用于食品和营养保健品时，品种和生长阶段是需要考虑的关键因素。
