Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, Madison.
Am J Primatol. 1985;8(3):225-237. doi: 10.1002/ajp.1350080305.
Young (3-4 years old) laboratory-reared rhesus monkeys were observed in five 15-minute tests with 1-15-day-old infants. Males and females were equally likely to investigate infants. Females communicated more with infants by grin-lipsmacking and gurgling--gestures that were not shown by any males. More females presented the ventrum to infants than did males. Females contacted infants more than did males by grooming, crouching over, and having full body contact with them. To see whether prenatal androgens produced the male pattern of response, we conducted similar tests with pseudohermaphrodites (prenatally androgenized genetic females) and neonatally castrated males. On most sexually dimorphic behaviors, pseudohermaphrodites behaved more like females than like males. Castrated males, like females and pseudohermaphrodites, crouched over infants more than did intact males. Castrated males differed from females only on one infant-directed response, the grin-lipsmack. These comparisons showed that defeminization of the repertoire of infant-directed responses was measurable only in intact males. We conclude accordingly that prenatal androgens alone are not responsible for defeminization of this repertoire and that a contribution from postnatal androgens is likely to be necessary.
年轻（3-4 岁）实验室饲养的恒河猴在五个 15 分钟的测试中观察到与 1-15 天大的婴儿接触。雄性和雌性都有可能调查婴儿。雌性通过咧嘴笑和咕噜咕噜声与婴儿交流的次数比任何雄性都多，这些手势没有任何雄性表现出来。与雄性相比，更多的雌性向婴儿展示腹部。与雄性相比，雌性通过梳理、蹲伏和与它们完全身体接触来更多地接触婴儿。为了观察产前雄激素是否产生雄性反应模式，我们对假两性畸形（产前雄激素化的遗传女性）和新生去势雄性进行了类似的测试。在大多数性别二态性行为中，假两性畸形的行为更像雌性而不像雄性。去势雄性与雌性和假两性畸形一样，比未去势雄性更多地蹲伏在婴儿身上。去势雄性与雌性的唯一区别是对婴儿的反应之一，咧嘴笑。这些比较表明，只有完整的雄性才能测量婴儿指向反应的去女性化。因此，我们得出结论，产前雄激素单独不能使这个反应谱去女性化，而且可能需要来自产后雄激素的贡献。
