Han Biao, Peng Sirui, Wu Celimuge, Wang Xiaoyan, Wang Baosheng
School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China.
Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
Sensors (Basel). 2020 Jan 26;20(3):682. doi: 10.3390/s20030682.
In recent years, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication brings more and more attention from industry (e.g., Google and Uber) and government (e.g., United States Department of Transportation). These Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies are widely adopted in future autonomous vehicles. However, security issues have not been fully addressed in V2V and V2I systems, especially in key distribution and key management. The physical layer key generation, which exploits wireless channel reciprocity and randomness to generate secure keys, provides a feasible solution for secure V2V/V2I communication. It is lightweight, flexible, and dynamic. In this paper, the physical layer key generation is brought to the V2I and V2V scenarios. A LoRa-based physical key generation scheme is designed for securing V2V/V2I communications. The communication is based on Long Range (LoRa) protocol, which is able to measure Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) in long-distance as consensus information to generate secure keys. The multi-bit quantization algorithm, with an improved Cascade key agreement protocol, generates secure binary bit keys. The proposed schemes improved the key generation rate, as well as to avoid information leakage during transmission. The proposed physical layer key generation scheme was implemented in a V2V/V2I network system prototype. The extensive experiments in V2I and V2V environments evaluate the efficiency of the proposed key generation scheme. The experiments in real outdoor environments have been conducted. Its key generation rate could exceed 10 bit/s on our V2V/V2I network system prototype and achieve 20 bit/s in some of our experiments. For binary key sequences, all of them pass the suite of statistical tests from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
近年来，车对车（V2V）和车对基础设施（V2I）通信越来越受到行业（如谷歌和优步）和政府（如美国运输部）的关注。这些车联网（V2X）技术在未来的自动驾驶车辆中得到了广泛应用。然而，V2V和V2I系统中的安全问题尚未得到充分解决，尤其是在密钥分发和密钥管理方面。利用无线信道互易性和随机性来生成安全密钥的物理层密钥生成技术，为安全的V2V/V2I通信提供了一种可行的解决方案。它具有轻量级、灵活性和动态性。本文将物理层密钥生成技术引入到V2I和V2V场景中。设计了一种基于LoRa的物理密钥生成方案，用于保障V2V/V2I通信的安全。该通信基于长距离（LoRa）协议，能够测量长距离的接收信号强度指示（RSSI）作为共识信息来生成安全密钥。采用改进的级联密钥协商协议的多位量化算法生成安全的二进制比特密钥。所提方案提高了密钥生成速率，同时避免了传输过程中的信息泄露。所提物理层密钥生成方案在V2V/V2I网络系统原型中得以实现。在V2I和V2V环境中进行的大量实验评估了所提密钥生成方案的效率。已经在实际户外环境中开展了实验。在我们的V2V/V2I网络系统原型上，其密钥生成速率可以超过10比特/秒，并且在部分实验中达到了20比特/秒。对于二进制密钥序列，所有序列均通过了美国国家标准与技术研究院（NIST）的一系列统计测试。
