Schuster Roseanne C, Brewis Alexandra, Ochandarena Peggy, Abdelmonem Angie, Hoso Sereen, Faqeeh Khaled
School for Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, PO Box 872402, Tempe, AZ, 85287-2402, USA.
Global Impact Collaboratory, USA.
SSM Popul Health. 2019 Nov 20;9:100489. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100489. eCollection 2019 Dec.
Understanding cultural norms is essential to achieving results in development interventions and preventing interventions from causing unintended negative consequences. However, capturing norms within everyday contexts in ways that can be monitored and evaluated can be expensive and time consuming and is not always feasible. We tested a novel method, the cultural consensus analysis (CCA), in the context of monitoring and evaluating a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) justice project in the West Bank, Palestine. We conducted 392 survey interviews with men and women, using 60 true or false questions in the knowledge domains of women's empowerment and gender-based violence (GBV), and tested three gender propositions using CCA. We found no singular cultural understanding of women's empowerment and GBV across West Bank Palestinians (proposition 1). Distinctive cultural models for women and other subgroups (e.g., those living in villages, women who identified as discriminated against within Palestinian society) exist, although there were no shared cultural models among men of any subgroup (proposition 2). Program assumptions regarding structural barriers to women's empowerment conformed to the women's cultural models (proposition 3). To our knowledge, this is the first application of CCA as an approach for describing gender norms in international development programming. CCA was able to distinguish subtle cultural patterns, including between population subgroups, and to identify how those are associated with specific risks, such as GBV. We conclude that CCA is a potentially useful approach for development practice, to ground-truth program assumptions and, potentially, to track program impacts.
理解文化规范对于在发展干预中取得成效以及防止干预产生意外的负面后果至关重要。然而，以能够进行监测和评估的方式在日常情境中捕捉规范可能成本高昂且耗时，并且并不总是可行的。我们在监测和评估美国国际开发署（USAID）在巴勒斯坦约旦河西岸的一个司法项目的背景下，测试了一种新颖的方法——文化共识分析（CCA）。我们对男性和女性进行了392次调查访谈，使用了60个关于妇女赋权和基于性别的暴力（GBV）知识领域的是非题，并使用CCA测试了三个性别命题。我们发现，约旦河西岸的巴勒斯坦人对妇女赋权和GBV没有单一的文化理解（命题1）。尽管任何亚组的男性之间都没有共享的文化模式，但存在针对妇女和其他亚组（例如，居住在村庄的人、那些在巴勒斯坦社会中自认为受到歧视的妇女）的独特文化模式（命题2）。关于妇女赋权的结构性障碍的项目假设符合妇女的文化模式（命题3）。据我们所知，这是CCA作为一种描述国际发展规划中性别规范的方法的首次应用。CCA能够区分微妙的文化模式，包括不同人群亚组之间的模式，并确定这些模式如何与特定风险（如GBV）相关联。我们得出结论，CCA对于发展实践是一种潜在有用的方法，可用于验证项目假设，并有可能跟踪项目影响。
