Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
Institute of Chemistry, Jan Długosz University, Al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201, Częstochowa, Poland.
Chemosphere. 2020 Jun;248:125976. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125976. Epub 2020 Jan 22.
In this study, biochars (BCs) produced from crops (straw and seeds) were tested for the applicability as additive to soils. The effect on pH, water capacity and cation exchange capacity of soil were tested. The ability for the sorption of pharmaceuticals (beta-blockers, anti-inflammatory drugs, sulfonamides, 17α-ethinylestradiol, carbamazepine, caffeine) using the batch sorption test was performed, and the effect of water pH was investigated. In addition, the metals removed from the biochar was analyzed as a potential toxicity factor. The mechanism of adsorption (Langmuir, Freundlich) was tested for sulfadimetoxine. The effect of the rye-derived biochar on water cress germination and the reduction of the sulfonamides toxicity to this plant was tested. The advantages of crop-derived biochar application to different soils (sand soil, clay soil and reference soil) was presented. It was found that tested BCs effectively increase the water capacity of soils, especially sand type soil, but in the same time it had increase the pH of pure-buffering soils. The driving force of pharmaceutical sorption was its ionization form - the highest sorption occurs for cations, medium for neutral forms, while the lowest sorption for anions. The opposite situation have been noted for desorption from biochar. The washing of biochars increases sorption for the neutral and anionic species, but not for the cations. The application of biochars into the soils can from one site protect the plants from toxic impact of sulfonamides, but from the other hamper the root prolongation by the pH increase.
在这项研究中，我们测试了由农作物（秸秆和种子）制成的生物炭作为土壤添加剂的适用性。我们测试了其对土壤 pH 值、持水能力和阳离子交换能力的影响。我们采用批量吸附试验，研究了生物炭对药品（β-受体阻滞剂、消炎药、磺胺类药物、17α-乙炔雌二醇、卡马西平、咖啡因）的吸附能力，并考察了水 pH 值的影响。此外，还分析了从生物炭中去除的金属作为潜在毒性因素。我们测试了磺胺二甲氧嘧啶的吸附机制（朗缪尔、弗伦德利希）。我们还研究了黑麦秸秆生物炭对水芹发芽的影响，以及对磺胺类药物毒性的降低作用。此外，还介绍了黑麦秸秆生物炭在不同土壤（沙土、黏土和参照土）中的应用优势。研究发现，所测试的生物炭可有效增加土壤的持水能力，特别是沙土，但同时也会增加纯缓冲土壤的 pH 值。药品吸附的驱动力是其电离形式——阳离子的吸附最强，中性形式的吸附居中，阴离子的吸附最弱。从生物炭上解吸则正好相反。用生物炭进行清洗会增加对中性和阴离子物质的吸附，但不会增加对阳离子物质的吸附。生物炭在土壤中的应用可以在一方面保护植物免受磺胺类药物的毒性影响，但另一方面也会因 pH 值升高而阻碍根系的延伸。
