Arabidopsis cysteine-rich trans-membrane module (CYSTM) small proteins play a protective role mainly against heat and UV stresses.

The genomes of Arabidopsis and other plants contain cysteine-rich small protein of unknown function, harbouring a transmembrane module (CYSTM proteins). In this work we show that the transcript of one gene (At1g05340) encoding a CYSTM protein is induced mainly by heat and to a lesser extent by UV, but less by NaCl or sorbitol. A functional analysis of At1g05340 and its paralog At2g32210 using T-DNA insertional mutants revealed a decrease in seedlings root length, and a lower PSII efficiency in mature plant, due to heat stress and to a lesser extent due to UV stress, in comparison to the effect on wild-type plants. The sensitivity of these mutants to salt or osmotic stresses did not differ from wild type response, indicating a specific function for these genes in heat and UV. Heat and UV increased reactive oxygen species levels in wild type; however, the levels were higher in the mutant line than in wild type due to heat treatment, but was similar in the mutant lines and wild type due to UV stress. Taken together, our results suggest that these small cysteine-rich proteins are necessary for thermotolerance and protection from UV exposure. The proteins encoded by these genes most likely, act in heat stress by reducing reactive oxygen species level by yet unknown mechanism.