School of Kinesiology, UBC, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
MEA Forensic Engineers & Scientists, Richmond, B.C., Canada.
Traffic Inj Prev. 2020;21(3):195-200. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2020.1718121. Epub 2020 Feb 6.
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) rates automotive seats as good, acceptable, marginal, and poor on their abilities to prevent whiplash injuries during rear-end collisions. The goal of this study was to compare the performance of some good- and poor-rated seats at speed changes below 16 km/h where some whiplash injuries occur. A BioRID II anthropometric test device (ATD) underwent rear-end collisions from 2 to 14 km/h while seated on one of two Volvo Whiplash Prevention seats (WHIPS), a Saab Active Head Restraint seat (SAHR), or a General Motors High Retention seat (GMHR). The WHIPS and SAHR seats were rated good whereas the GMHR seat was rated poor by the IIHS. The ATD's kinematics, kinetics and three neck injury criteria were evaluated across the range of collision severities. Most of the head and torso kinematics, kinetics and injury criteria exhibited graded responses with increasing collision severities. Only head extension angle remained relatively similar across all speed changes. Differences between the good- and poor-rated seats were most apparent in the upper neck loads and moments, and head retraction for speed changes greater than 6 km/h. The relatively similar occupant responses across all seats could explain the marginal reductions in whiplash injury risk between good- and poor-rated seats in field studies. Further research into the design of anti-whiplash devices is required to better understand the link between occupant response and injury, and to better mitigate the risk of whiplash injuries during rear-end collisions.
美国公路安全保险协会（IIHS）根据汽车座椅在追尾碰撞中预防挥鞭伤的能力，将其评级为优秀、良好、一般和差。本研究的目的是比较一些优秀评级和较差评级座椅在 16km/h 以下速度变化时的性能，因为有些挥鞭伤就是在这个速度范围内发生的。BioRID II 人体模型测试设备（ATD）在沃尔沃挥鞭伤预防座椅（WHIPS）、萨博主动头枕座椅（SAHR）或通用汽车高保持力座椅（GMHR）上，以 2 到 14km/h 的速度进行追尾碰撞。WHIPS 和 SAHR 座椅被 IIHS 评为优秀，而 GMHR 座椅则被评为差。评估了 ATD 在整个碰撞严重程度范围内的运动学、动力学和三个颈部损伤标准。大多数头部和躯干运动学、动力学和损伤标准都随着碰撞严重程度的增加呈现出分级响应。只有头部伸展角度在所有速度变化下都相对相似。在所有速度变化下，优秀评级和较差评级座椅之间的差异在颈部上负荷和力矩以及头部回缩方面最为明显。在现场研究中，良好评级和较差评级座椅之间挥鞭伤风险的边际降低可能是由于所有座椅上的乘客反应相对相似所致。需要进一步研究防挥鞭装置的设计，以更好地理解乘员响应与损伤之间的关系，并更好地减轻追尾碰撞中挥鞭伤的风险。
