Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; The Beaty Centre for Species Discovery, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2020 May;146:106750. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106750. Epub 2020 Feb 3.
Colletes Latreille (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) is a diverse genus with 518 valid species distributed in all biogeographic realms, except Australasia and Antarctica. Here we provide a comprehensive dated phylogeny for Colletes based on Bayesian and maximum likelihood-based analyses of DNA sequence data of six loci: 28S rDNA, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, elongation factor-1α copy F2, long-wavelength rhodopsin, RNA polymerase II and wingless. In total, our multilocus matrix consists of 4824 aligned base pairs for 143 species, including 112 Colletes species plus 31 outgroups (one stenotritid and a diverse array of colletids representing all subfamilies). Overall, analyses of each of the six single-locus datasets resulted in poorly resolved consensus trees with conflicting phylogenetic signal. However, our analyses of the multilocus matrix provided strong support for the monophyly of Colletes and show that it can be subdivided into five major clades. The implications of our phylogenetic results for future attempts at infrageneric classification for the Colletes of the world are discussed. We propose species groups for the Neotropical species of Colletes, the only major biogeographic realm for which no species groups have been proposed to date. Our dating analysis indicated that Colletes diverged from its sister taxon, Hemicotelles Toro and Cabezas, in the early Oligocene and that its extant lineages began diversifying only in the late Oligocene. According to our biogeographic reconstruction, Colletes originated in the Neotropics (most likely within South America) and then spread to the Nearctic very early in its evolutionary history. Geodispersal to the Old World occurred soon after colonization of the Northern Hemisphere. Lastly, the historical biogeography of Colletes is analyzed in light of available geological and palaeoenvironmental data.
集胶蜂属（膜翅目：集胶科）是一个多样性的属，拥有 518 种有效物种，分布在所有生物地理区域，除了澳大拉西亚和南极洲。在这里，我们基于六个基因座（28S rDNA、细胞色素 c 氧化酶亚基 1、延伸因子-1α 拷贝 F2、长波视蛋白、RNA 聚合酶 II 和无翅）的 DNA 序列数据，通过贝叶斯和最大似然法分析，为集胶蜂属提供了一个全面的、有时间分辨率的系统发育。在我们的多基因座矩阵中，总共包括 4824 个碱基对，用于 143 个物种，包括 112 种集胶蜂属物种加 31 个外群（一个 Stenotritid 和一系列不同的集胶科代表了所有的亚科）。总的来说，对六个单基因座数据集的分析结果导致共识树的分辨率很差，并且存在相互矛盾的系统发育信号。然而，我们对多基因座矩阵的分析为集胶蜂属的单系性提供了强有力的支持，并表明它可以分为五个主要的分支。我们的系统发育结果对未来世界范围内集胶蜂属的种下分类尝试的影响进行了讨论。我们提出了新热带地区集胶蜂属物种的种团，这是唯一一个至今尚未提出种团的主要生物地理区域。我们的定年分析表明，集胶蜂属与它的姊妹分类群 Hemicotelles Toro 和 Cabezas 在早始新世就已经分化，而它现存的支系在晚始新世才开始多样化。根据我们的生物地理重建，集胶蜂属起源于新热带地区（最有可能在南美洲），然后在其进化历史的早期就传播到了近北极地区。向旧世界的扩散发生在北半球殖民之后不久。最后，根据可用的地质和古环境数据，分析了集胶蜂属的历史生物地理学。
