Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
Anal Biochem. 2020 Apr 1;594:113614. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113614. Epub 2020 Feb 7.
Enzymes are a class of important substances and their abnormal levels are associated with many diseases. Great progress has been achieved in the past decade in the detection and imaging of enzymes in live cells and tissues. Small-molecule fluorescent probes have the ability to directly detect and image abnormal levels of enzymes in live cells, providing a powerful means for diagnostics and treatment. Combined with confocal microscopy, fluorescent probes have attracted much attention because of their high sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution. Tyrosinase is a copper-containing oxidase that plays a key role in the biosynthesis of melanin that controls skin color, protects DNA in skin cells from ultraviolet radiation, and removes reactive oxygen species. An abnormal level of tyrosinase in living system is thought to be associated with some skin diseases including albinism, vitiligo and skin hyperpigmentation. Overexpressed tyrosinase has become a predictive biomarker for melanoma cancer, which makes in situ the detection of endogenous tyrosinase activity of great value and clinical significance. This review highlights the recent development of organic small-molecules based fluorescent probes for endogenous tyrosinase activity, including design strategies, reaction mechanism and applications for the detection and imaging of tyrosinase in vitro and in vivo. The progress suggests that fluorescence detection and imaging is a vital and rapidly technology for early diagnosis of melanoma.
酶是一类重要的物质，其异常水平与许多疾病有关。在过去的十年中，在活细胞和组织中酶的检测和成像方面取得了巨大进展。小分子荧光探针能够直接检测和成像活细胞中异常水平的酶，为诊断和治疗提供了有力手段。与共聚焦显微镜结合，荧光探针因其高灵敏度和时空分辨率而受到广泛关注。酪氨酸酶是一种含铜的氧化酶，在黑色素的生物合成中起着关键作用，黑色素控制肤色，保护皮肤细胞中的 DNA 免受紫外线辐射，并清除活性氧。人们认为活系统中酪氨酸酶的异常水平与一些皮肤疾病有关，包括白化病、白癜风和皮肤色素沉着过度。过表达的酪氨酸酶已成为黑色素瘤癌症的预测生物标志物，这使得原位检测内源性酪氨酸酶活性具有重要的临床意义。本综述重点介绍了近年来基于有机小分子的荧光探针用于内源性酪氨酸酶活性的检测，包括设计策略、反应机制以及在体外和体内检测和成像酪氨酸酶的应用。这一进展表明，荧光检测和成像技术是黑色素瘤早期诊断的重要且快速发展的技术。
