Barham Whitney, Gicobi Joanina K, Yan Yiyi, Dronca Roxana S, Dong Haidong
Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Genes Dis. 2019 Jul 10;6(3):224-231. doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.07.001. eCollection 2019 Sep.
After more than one hundred years of documented trials, immunotherapy has become a standard of care in the treatment of human cancer. Much of the knowledge that led to recent breakthroughs seems quite logical from today's point of view. However, what we now cite as facts were originally considered , meaning something contrary to expectations or perceived opinion at the time. In order to make gains in the field of immunotherapy, one had to be willing to confront ideas and concepts that seemed to contradict one another, and reconcile how each could be true. This is what led to new knowledge and advances. Here, we highlight some of these paradoxes and the milestone discoveries that followed, each one critical for our understanding of immune checkpoint pathways. By outlining some of the steps that we took and the challenges that we overcame, we hope to inspire and encourage future generations of researchers to confront the paradoxes that still permeate the field.
经过一百多年有记录的试验，免疫疗法已成为人类癌症治疗的标准疗法。从当今的角度来看，促成近期突破的许多知识似乎相当合乎逻辑。然而，我们现在视为事实的东西最初却被认为是悖论，即与当时的预期或认知观点相悖的东西。为了在免疫疗法领域取得进展，人们必须愿意面对看似相互矛盾的观点和概念，并调和它们如何可能都是正确的。这就带来了新知识和进步。在此，我们重点介绍其中一些悖论以及随后的里程碑式发现，每一项对于我们理解免疫检查点通路都至关重要。通过概述我们所采取的一些步骤以及克服的挑战，我们希望激励和鼓励后代研究人员去面对仍然充斥该领域的悖论。
