Alterations to groundwater chemistry due to modern water transfer for irrigation over decades.

After a long-term surface irrigation in the southern edge of the Chinese Loess Plateau, the local groundwater is diluted to some extent, which differs from most of the other surface irrigation systems. Identifying the origin of groundwater salinity and determining the implications of irrigation can provide insights into the sustainable development of irrigation systems. In this study, a comprehensive investigation of groundwater, river water, canal water, and irrigation system was conducted. Our results suggest that the irrigation activities produce significant influence on the hydrochemistry of both river and groundwater. In the north-eastern part of the study area, hydrochemistry types are mainly HCO-Na and HCO∙SO-Na types which is recharged by the river replenished by water transfer for irrigation. In the south-western part, groundwater is mainly HCO-Na·Mg type which largely directly receives canal water recharge. The correlation between the irrigation water volume and the salinity variation confirms that mixing with fresh irrigation water which was derived from the reservoirs and the canals, during the irrigation period, dilutes the local groundwater. The natural hydrogeochemical processes of the loess aquifer suggest that the water-rock interactions and cation exchange process supply the excessive Na and other solutes to the groundwater, resulting HCO-Na type water with high salinity. Additionally, the slow Groundwater flow and poor hydrologic cycle between the groundwater and the scarce rainfall promote natural salts accumulation. The δO and δD values indicate that modern rainfall may only account for small part of recharge to groundwater. In contrast, the irrigation water, as well as the canal and the reservoir seepage, contribute to a large proportion of groundwater recharge. The finding is beneficial for the policy-makers for the future water management schemes, in large surface irrigation systems, in order to achieve sustainable development goal.