Zhang Wei, Poojary Mahesha M, Rauh Valentin, Ray Colin A, Olsen Karsten, Lund Marianne N
Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
Arla Foods amba, Agro Food Park 19, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
J Agric Food Chem. 2020 Mar 18;68(11):3568-3575. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07824. Epub 2020 Mar 3.
Lactose-hydrolyzed (LH) ultrahigh temperature (UHT) processed milk is more prone to Maillard reactions and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) during processing and storage than conventional (CON) UHT milk because of the presence of free galactose and glucose. Commercially available β-d-galactosidases with transgalactosylating activity can incorporate galactose into galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) and potentially limit Maillard reactions in this lactose-reduced GOS-containing milk. The aim of this study was to examine the extent of Maillard reactions in a lactose-reduced GOS milk compared to LH and CON milk after UHT processing. The GOS milk had significant lower levels of lysine- and arginine-derived AGEs compared to LH milk, while their concentrations were similar to those found in CON milk. The total concentration of measured Arg-derived AGEs was similar to the total concentration of Lys-derived AGEs in the three types of milk, indicating that Arg is an important source of AGEs in milks. Interestingly, the GOS milk generated threefold higher concentrations (up to 330 ± 6 μM) of 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG, a C6 α-dicarbonyl). These results demonstrate that GOS milk could be a potential alternative for LH milk for lactose-intolerant individuals, although further studies are needed to understand the increased formation of 3-DG in GOS-containing milk.
与传统超高温（UHT）处理的牛奶相比，乳糖水解（LH）超高温处理的牛奶在加工和储存过程中更容易发生美拉德反应并形成晚期糖基化终产物（AGEs），因为其中存在游离半乳糖和葡萄糖。具有转半乳糖基化活性的市售β-d-半乳糖苷酶可将半乳糖掺入低聚半乳糖（GOSs）中，并可能限制这种含低聚半乳糖的低乳糖牛奶中的美拉德反应。本研究的目的是研究超高温处理后，与LH牛奶和传统牛奶相比，含低聚半乳糖的低乳糖牛奶中美拉德反应的程度。与LH牛奶相比，低聚半乳糖牛奶中赖氨酸和精氨酸衍生的AGEs水平显著较低，而它们的浓度与传统牛奶中的浓度相似。三种类型牛奶中测得的精氨酸衍生AGEs的总浓度与赖氨酸衍生AGEs的总浓度相似，这表明精氨酸是牛奶中AGEs的重要来源。有趣的是，低聚半乳糖牛奶产生的3-脱氧葡萄糖酮（3-DG，一种C6α-二羰基化合物）浓度高出三倍（高达330±6μM）。这些结果表明，对于乳糖不耐受的个体，低聚半乳糖牛奶可能是LH牛奶的潜在替代品，尽管需要进一步研究来了解含低聚半乳糖牛奶中3-DG形成增加的情况。
