Department of Animal Sciences, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0910, USA; email:
Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2020 Feb 15;8:395-413. doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-084010.
Development of assisted reproductive technologies has been driven by the goals of reducing the incidence of infertility, increasing the number of offspring from genetically elite animals, facilitating genetic manipulation, aiding preservation and long-distance movement of germplasm, and generating research material. Superovulation is associated with reduced fertilization rate and alterations in endometrial function. In vitro production of embryos can have a variety of consequences. Most embryos produced in vitro are capable of establishing pregnancy and developing into healthy neonatal animals. However, in vitro production is associated with reduced ability to develop to the blastocyst stage, increased incidence of failure to establish pregnancy, placental dysfunction, and altered fetal development. Changes in the developmental program mean that some consequences of being produced in vitro can extend into adult life. Reduced competence of the embryo produced in vitro to develop to the blastocyst stage is caused largely by disruption of events during oocyte maturation and fertilization. Conditions during embryo culture can affect embryo freezability and competence to establish pregnancy after transfer. Culture conditions, including actions of embryokines, can also affect the postnatal phenotype of the resultant progeny.
辅助生殖技术的发展旨在减少不孕的发生率、增加遗传优秀动物的后代数量、促进基因操作、辅助遗传物质的保存和长距离运输、以及产生研究材料。超排卵与受精率降低和子宫内膜功能改变有关。体外胚胎生产可能会产生多种后果。大多数体外生产的胚胎能够建立妊娠并发育成健康的新生动物。然而，体外生产与发育到囊胚阶段的能力降低、妊娠建立失败的发生率增加、胎盘功能障碍和胎儿发育改变有关。发育程序的改变意味着一些体外生产的后果可能会延伸到成年期。体外生产的胚胎发育到囊胚阶段的能力降低主要是由于卵母细胞成熟和受精过程中事件的中断。胚胎培养期间的条件会影响胚胎的冷冻能力和移植后建立妊娠的能力。培养条件，包括胚胎因子的作用，也会影响后代的出生后表型。
