Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Laboratoire Evolution & Diversite Biologique, UMR5174 EDB, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
Front Immunol. 2020 Jan 31;10:3075. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03075. eCollection 2019.
The sexes show profound differences in responses to infection and the development of autoimmunity. Dimorphisms in immune responses are ubiquitous across taxa, from arthropods to vertebrates. shows strong sex dimorphisms in immune system responses at baseline, upon pathogenic challenge, and over aging. We have performed an exhaustive survey of peer-reviewed literature on immunity, and present a database of publications indicating the sex(es) analyzed in each study. While we found a growing interest in the community in adult immunity and in reporting both sexes, the main body of work in this field uses only one sex, or does not stratify by sex. We synthesize evidence for sexually dimorphic responses to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Dimorphisms may be mediated by distinct immune compartments, and we review work on sex differences in behavioral, epithelial, cellular, and systemic (fat body-mediated) immunity. Emerging work on sexually dimorphic aging of immune tissues, immune senescence, and inflammation are examined. We consider evolutionary drivers for sex differences in immune investment, highlight the features of biology that make it particularly amenable to studies of immune dimorphisms, and discuss areas for future exploration.
在感染反应和自身免疫的发展方面，性别表现出深刻的差异。从节肢动物到脊椎动物，在免疫反应的二态性在各个分类群中都普遍存在。在基础状态、病原体挑战和衰老过程中，表现出强烈的免疫系统反应的性别二态性。我们对免疫方面的同行评议文献进行了详尽的调查，并提供了一个出版物数据库，其中列出了每项研究分析的性别（或性别）。虽然我们发现社区对成年免疫和报告两性的兴趣日益浓厚，但该领域的主要工作仅使用一种性别，或者不分性别进行分层。我们综合了对细菌、病毒和真菌感染的性别二态反应的证据。二态性可能由不同的免疫隔室介导，我们回顾了关于行为、上皮、细胞和系统（脂肪体介导）免疫中性别差异的工作。正在研究免疫组织、免疫衰老和炎症的性别二态性衰老的新兴工作。我们考虑了免疫投资中性别差异的进化驱动因素，强调了生物学的特征，使其特别适合于免疫二态性的研究，并讨论了未来探索的领域。
