Experimental and feasibility study of spent coffee grounds upscaling via pyrolysis towards proposing an eco-social innovation circular economy solution.

There is a need for eco-social business models in the food waste sector that are more cascading and circular-based, while having economic, environmental and social benefits. The aim of this study is to bring insights and data of spent coffee grounds large-scale slow pyrolysis, to seize new opportunities for eco-innovative solutions in the circular economy, by identifying upcycling opportunities for resource recovery of this waste. First, an experimental study was conducted, and a set of pyrolysis experiments were carried out at a temperature range from 450 to 750 °C, with a heating rate of 50°/s, under helium atmosphere, to explore the products' yields and the best process' conditions. Second, an economic study was conducted for a standalone pyrolysis plant fueled with the spent coffee grounds streams from coffee shops of a city with 150,000 inhabitants, in central Greece, aiming at the cost and the profitability of the endeavor estimation. The calculations were based on the features of a slow pyrolysis rotary kiln technology designed at Aristotle University, and co-developed with an Irish company, under the funding of an EU LIFE+ project. For an estimated capacity of 2566 t/yr of SCG, the revenue of the endeavor was calculated at 47€/t of SCG. The economic indicators ROI and POT (ROI = 0.24, POT = 2.6), are very positive, suggesting pyrolysis of SCG as an efficient circular economy management solution, providing an eco-social innovation business in the coffee shop industry, engaging also consumers in the circular economy.