Huang Shu-Ting, Wang Hai-Rui, Yang Wan-Qin, Si Ya-Chu, Wang Yu-Tian, Sun Meng-Lian, Qi Xin, Bai Yi
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China.
Sports Science Institute, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China.
PeerJ. 2020 Feb 14;8:e8567. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8567. eCollection 2020.
Establishing the species limits and resolving phylogenetic relationships are primary goals of taxonomists and evolutionary biologists. At present, a controversial question is about interspecific phylogenetic information in morphological features. Are the interspecific relationships established based on genetic information consistent with the traditional classification system? To address these problems, this study analyzed the wing shape structure of 10 species of Libellulidae, explored the relationship between wing shape and dragonfly behavior and living habits, and established an interspecific morphological relationship tree based on wing shape data. By analyzing the sequences of mitochondrial gene and the nuclear genes , and in 10 species of dragonflies, the interspecific relationship was established.
The wing shape information of the male forewings and hindwings was obtained by the geometric morphometrics method. The inter-species wing shape relationship was obtained by principal component analysis (PCA) in MorphoJ1.06 software. The inter-species wing shape relationship tree was obtained by cluster analysis (UPGMA) using Mesquite 3.2 software. The , , and genes of 10 species dragonfly were blasted and processed by BioEdit v6 software. The Maximum Likelihood(ML) tree was established by raxmlGUI1.5b2 software. The Bayes inference (BI) tree was established by MrBayes 3.2.6 in Geneious software.
The main difference in forewings among the 10 species of dragonfly was the apical, radial and discoidal regions dominated by the wing nodus. In contrast, the main difference among the hindwings was the apical and anal regions dominated by the wing nodus. The change in wing shape was closely related to the ability of dragonfly to migrate. The interspecific relationship based on molecular data showed that the species of genus branched independently of the other species. Compared to the molecular tree of 10 species, the wing shape clustering showed some phylogenetic information on the forewing shape (with large differences on the forewing shape tree vs. molecular tree), and there was no interspecific phylogenetic information of the hindwing shape tree vs. molecular tree.
The dragonfly wing shape characteristics are closely related to its migration ability. Species with strong ability to migrate have the forewing shape that is longer and narrower, and have larger anal region, whereas the species that prefer short-distance hovering or standing still for a long time have forewing that are wider and shorter, and the anal region is smaller. Integrating morphological and molecular data to evaluate the relationship among dragonfly species shows there is some interspecific phylogenetic information in the forewing shape and none in the hindwing shape. The forewing and hindwing of dragonflies exhibit an inconsistent pattern of morphological changes in different species.
确定物种界限和解决系统发育关系是分类学家和进化生物学家的主要目标。目前，一个有争议的问题是形态特征中的种间系统发育信息。基于遗传信息建立的种间关系与传统分类系统是否一致？为了解决这些问题，本研究分析了10种蜻科昆虫的翅形结构，探讨了翅形与蜻蜓行为和生活习性之间的关系，并基于翅形数据建立了种间形态关系树。通过分析10种蜻蜓线粒体基因和核基因的序列，建立了种间关系。
采用几何形态测量法获取雄性前翅和后翅的翅形信息。在MorphoJ1.06软件中通过主成分分析（PCA）获得种间翅形关系。使用Mesquite 3.2软件通过聚类分析（UPGMA）获得种间翅形关系树。用BioEdit v6软件对10种蜻蜓的 、 、 和 基因进行比对和处理。用raxmlGUI1.5b2软件建立最大似然（ML）树。在Geneious软件中用MrBayes 3.2.6建立贝叶斯推断（BI）树。
10种蜻蜓前翅的主要差异在于翅痣主导的顶端、径脉和盘室区域。相比之下，后翅的主要差异在于翅痣主导的顶端和臀区。翅形变化与蜻蜓的迁移能力密切相关。基于分子数据的种间关系表明， 属的物种与其他物种独立分支。与10种的分子树相比，翅形聚类在前翅形状上显示了一些系统发育信息（前翅形状树与分子树有很大差异），而后翅形状树与分子树之间没有种间系统发育信息。
蜻蜓翅形特征与其迁移能力密切相关。迁移能力强的物种前翅形状更长更窄，臀区更大；而喜欢短距离悬停或长时间静止的物种前翅更宽更短，臀区更小。整合形态学和分子数据来评估蜻蜓物种之间的关系表明前翅形状存在一些种间系统发育信息而后翅形状不存在。蜻蜓前翅和后翅在不同物种中呈现出不一致的形态变化模式。
