Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Ultrason Sonochem. 2020 Jun;64:104995. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.104995. Epub 2020 Jan 31.
In this work, the effects of thickeners and tonicity towards producing stable palm oil-based water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple nanoemulsion using ultrasound and microfluidizer were investigated. Palm oil, Sucragel, polyglycerol polyricinoleate, Tween 80, Xanthan gum, and NaCl were used. W/O/W was formed under the optimized conditions of ultrasound at 40% amplitude and for 180 s of irradiation time, whereas for the microfluidizer, the optimized conditions were 350 bar and 8 cycles. This is the first work that successfully utilized Sucragel (oil-based thickener) in imparting enhanced stability in W/O/W. W/O/W with isotonic stabilization produced the lowest change in the mean droplet diameter (MDD), NaCl concentration, and water content by 1.5%, 2.6%, and 0.4%, respectively, due to reduced water movement. The final optimized W/O/W possessed MDD and dispersity index of 175.5 ± 9.8 and 0.232 ± 0.012, respectively. The future direction of formulating stable W/O/W would be by employing oil phase thickeners and isotonicity. The observed ~12 times lesser energy consumed by ultrasound than microfluidizer to generate a comparable droplet size of ~235 nm, further confirms its potential in generating the droplets energy-efficiently.
在这项工作中，研究了增稠剂和渗透压对使用超声波和微射流法制备稳定的棕榈油基油包水包油（W/O/W）多重纳米乳液的影响。使用了棕榈油、Sucragel、聚甘油蓖麻醇酸酯、Tween 80、黄原胶和 NaCl。在超声辐照 40%振幅 180 s的优化条件下形成了 W/O/W，而对于微射流，优化条件为 350 巴和 8 个循环。这是首次成功利用 Sucragel（油基增稠剂）在 W/O/W 中赋予增强稳定性的工作。由于水的运动减少，具有等渗稳定性的 W/O/W 导致平均粒径（MDD）、NaCl 浓度和水含量的变化最小，分别为 1.5%、2.6%和 0.4%。最终优化的 W/O/W 的 MDD 和分散指数分别为 175.5±9.8 和 0.232±0.012。通过使用油相增稠剂和等渗性来稳定 W/O/W 是未来的发展方向。与微射流相比，超声产生相当大小的~235nm 液滴所需的能量少约 12 倍，进一步证实了其在高效产生液滴方面的潜力。
