Munshi Musleh Uddin, Martens Jonathan, Berden Giel, Oomens Jos
Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
J Phys Chem A. 2020 Mar 26;124(12):2449-2459. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00888. Epub 2020 Mar 16.
Experimental IR spectra in the 500-1850 cm fingerprint frequency range are presented for the isolated, gaseous redox pair ions [Ru(bpy)], and [Ru(bpy)], where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine. Spectra are obtained using the FELIX free-electron laser and a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The 2+ complex is generated by electrospray ionization and the charge-reduced radical cation is produced by gas-phase one-electron reduction in an ion-ion reaction with the fluoranthene radical anion. Experimental spectra are compared against computed spectra predicted by density functional theory (DFT) using different levels of theory. For the closed-shell [Ru(bpy)] ion, the match between experimental and computed IR spectra is very good; however, this is not the case for the charge-reduced [Ru(bpy)] ion, which demands additional theoretical investigation. When using the hybrid B3LYP functional, we observe that better agreement with experiment is obtained upon reduction of the Hartree-Fock exact-exchange contribution from 20% to about 14%. Additionally, calculations using the M06 functional appear to be promising in terms of the prediction of IR spectra; however, it is unclear if the correct electronic structure is obtained. The M06 and B3LYP functionals indicate that the added electron in [Ru(bpy)] is delocalized over the three bpy ligands, while the long-range corrected LC-BLYP and the CAM-B3LYP functionals show it to be more localized on a single bpy ligand. Although these latter levels of theory fail to reproduce the experimentally observed IR frequencies, one may argue that the unusually large bandwidths observed in the spectrum are due to the fluxional character of a complex with the added electron not symmetrically distributed over the ligands. The experimental IR spectra presented here can serve as benchmark for further theoretical investigations.
本文给出了孤立气态氧化还原对离子[Ru(bpy)]₂⁺和[Ru(bpy)]₂⁺在500 - 1850 cm⁻¹指纹频率范围内的实验红外光谱,其中bpy = 2,2'-联吡啶。光谱通过FELIX自由电子激光和四极杆离子阱质谱仪获得。二价配合物通过电喷雾电离产生,电荷降低的自由基阳离子通过与荧蒽自由基阴离子的离子 - 离子反应中的气相单电子还原产生。实验光谱与使用不同理论水平的密度泛函理论(DFT)预测的计算光谱进行了比较。对于闭壳层[Ru(bpy)]₂⁺离子,实验和计算的红外光谱之间的匹配非常好;然而,对于电荷降低的[Ru(bpy)]₂⁺离子情况并非如此,这需要进一步的理论研究。当使用杂化B3LYP泛函时,我们观察到将Hartree - Fock精确交换贡献从20%降低到约14%时,与实验的一致性更好。此外,使用M06泛函的计算在红外光谱预测方面似乎很有前景;然而,尚不清楚是否获得了正确的电子结构。M06和B3LYP泛函表明[Ru(bpy)]₂⁺中添加的电子在三个bpy配体上离域,而长程校正的LC - BLYP和CAM - B3LYP泛函显示它更局域在单个bpy配体上。尽管后几种理论水平未能重现实验观察到的红外频率,但有人可能会认为光谱中观察到的异常大带宽是由于添加电子在配体上分布不对称的配合物的流动特性所致。本文给出的实验红外光谱可作为进一步理论研究的基准。