Lopushniak Lesia Ya, Khmara Тatiana V, Boichuk Оleh М, Ryznychuk Mariana A, Shvyhar Leonid V, Kryvchanska Mariana I
Department of Human Anatomy Named After Mg Turkevich, Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine "Bukovinian State Medical University", Chernivtsi, Ukraine.
Pediatrics and Medical Genetics Department, Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine "Bukovinian State Medical University", Chernivtsi, Ukraine.
Wiad Lek. 2020;73(1):52-57.
The aim: To study the forms of anatomical variability of the external structure of the upper and lower parathyroid glands in the fetal period of human ontogenesis.
Materials and methods: The study involved 48 specimens of human fetuses with 81,0-375,0 mm of crown-rump length (CRL). The study was conducted by means of macromicroscopic preparation, morphometry and variation statistics method.
Results: The age and individual anatomical variability, complex way of development and formation of synotopic embryotropographic correlations of the upper and lower parathyroid glands in the prenatal period of human ontogenesis create numerous prerequisites for the emergence of variants of their external structure and topography in the fetuses of both different and the same age groups.
Conclusions: There is a significant anatomical variability of the upper and lower parathyroid glands in 4-10-month-old fetuses, which is manifested by varieties of their shape and topical location. Aplasia of the upper parathyroid glands, which was found in two human fetuses aged 7 months, was due to the fetures of their organogenesis and the formation of syntopy in the embryonic and prefetal periods of their development. Parathyroid glands are mainly supplied with blood by the branches of the inferior thyroid artery. The branches of the upper thyroid artery and the arteries of adjacent organs: larynx, trachea and esophagus are involved in the blood supply. The right and left inferior thyroid veins are tributaries of the corresponding brachiocephalic vein, paired (right and left) superior and middle thyroid veins are those for the internal jugular vein.
研究人类个体发育胎儿期上下甲状旁腺外部结构的解剖变异形式。
材料与方法：本研究涉及48例头臀长（CRL）为81.0 - 375.0毫米的人类胎儿标本。研究采用大体显微镜标本制备、形态测量和变异统计方法进行。
结果：人类个体发育胎儿期上下甲状旁腺的年龄和个体解剖变异、复杂的发育和形成方式以及同位胚胎趋向相关关系，为不同年龄组和同一年龄组胎儿甲状旁腺外部结构和位置变异的出现创造了众多前提条件。
结论：4 - 10个月大胎儿的上下甲状旁腺存在显著的解剖变异，表现为其形状和局部位置的多样性。在2例7个月大的人类胎儿中发现的上甲状旁腺发育不全，是由于其器官发生特征以及在胚胎期和胎儿前期发育过程中同位关系的形成。甲状旁腺主要由甲状腺下动脉分支供血。甲状腺上动脉分支以及相邻器官（喉、气管和食管）的动脉参与供血。左右甲状腺下静脉是相应头臂静脉的属支，成对的（左右）甲状腺上静脉和甲状腺中静脉是颈内静脉的属支。
