Phylogenetic relationships and chloroplast capture in the Amelanchier-Malacomeles-Peraphyllum clade (Maleae, Rosaceae): Evidence from chloroplast genome and nuclear ribosomal DNA data using genome skimming.

The Amelanchier-Malacomeles-Peraphyllum (AMP) clade consists of ca. 26 species distributed in North and Central America, Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa. While molecular and morphological data strongly support this clade, relationships of its genera are uncertain. Support for the monophyly of Amelanchier and for the phylogenetic positions of Malacomeles and Peraphyllum has varied between studies. Our goals were to reconstruct a robust phylogeny of the AMP clade in the framework of Maleae and clarify the phylogenetic placements of Malacomeles and Peraphyllum. This study employs sequences of the whole plastome and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) repeats assembled using genome skimming with 131 samples representing 115 species in 31 genera of Rosaceae, especially Maleae. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analysis (BI) of whole plastome datasets strongly supported Amelanchier as not monophyletic, with Peraphyllum sister to eastern North American Amelanchier and Malacomeles sister to the western North American-Eurasian Amelanchier. In contrast, nrDNA recovered the monophyly of Amelanchier, with Peraphyllum sister to Amelanchier and Malacomeles sister to the Amelanchier-Peraphyllum clade. The strong topological conflicts between plastome and nrDNA phylogenies of Peraphyllum and of Malacomeles are best explained by ancient chloroplast capture that occurred in SW North America.