Rehman Aziz Ul, Ahmad Iftikhar, Qureshi Shahzad Ahmad
ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Physics and Astronomy Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, New South Wales, Australia; Agri & Biophotonics Division, National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, 45650,Pakistan.
Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), University Campus, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2020 Sep;31:101712. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101712. Epub 2020 Mar 4.
Integrating sphere remains a valuable tool for biomedical optics research. Specifically, it has been used to determine the optical properties (i.e., absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient and anisotropy factor) of biological tissues. This study presents an overview of the literature on integrating sphere and its biomedical applications. In particular, we start with a brief introduction of tissue optics with emphasis on the optical properties of biological tissues, followed by a detailed discussion of the hardware and related procedures of the integrated sphere system. Both the experimental procedure and subsequent analytical models (i.e., first order scattering, Kubelka Munk, diffusion approximation, Monte Carlo and inverse adding-doubling methods) along with illustrative examples are also outlined. Finally, illustrative examples to explore the optical properties of tissue phantoms and biological samples have been discussed. This survey will provide a ready reference and overview for the applications of integrating sphere in biomedical optics.
积分球仍然是生物医学光学研究的一个有价值的工具。具体而言，它已被用于确定生物组织的光学特性（即吸收系数、散射系数和各向异性因子）。本研究概述了关于积分球及其生物医学应用的文献。特别是，我们首先简要介绍组织光学，重点是生物组织的光学特性，然后详细讨论积分球系统的硬件和相关程序。还概述了实验程序和后续的分析模型（即一阶散射、库贝尔卡-芒克模型、扩散近似、蒙特卡罗方法和反向加倍法）以及示例。最后，讨论了用于探索组织模型和生物样品光学特性的示例。这项综述将为积分球在生物医学光学中的应用提供现成的参考和概述。
