FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Jun 1;719:137358. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137358. Epub 2020 Feb 16.
Contaminants of emerging concern may be considered as any chemicals or factors whose unintended continuous release and persistence in the environment may lead to any observable undesirable response of living beings. Still not much is known on reciprocal toxicological impact of given chemicals when present in binary or more complex mixtures. In this work, an attempt was thus undertaken to study the impact of butylparaben, methylparaben and diclofenac on toxicological behavior and properties of triclosan (at varying concentration levels) with respect to Microtox, XenoScreen YES/YAS, Caco-2, HEPG2, and liposomal systems. Having performed analytical and biological studies modeling was done using two modeling approaches, viz., concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) at three concentration levels of each chemical studied. The effect of the highest concentration of triclosan studied was impacted by even small amounts of methylparaben and butylparaben in Microtox while diclofenac preferably affected triclosan activity at its lowest concentration level (with CA model). Estrogenic agonistic properties of triclosan were severely impacted by both parabens in an antagonistic way; diclofenac showed in all cases underestimation or synergy at the lowest triclosan concentration studied. Estrogenic antagonistic activity of triclosan was also slightly affected by parabens and by diclofenac in binary mixtures, showing overestimation and antagonist effects. HepG2 cells appeared to be the most resistant to the toxic effect of the mixtures at the concentrations tested and no significant proof of synergy or antagonism could be detected with the MTT assay. The liposome assays on the mixtures followed the same trends obtained with the MTT assay with Caco-2 cells, confirming the validity of the in vitro model used in this research. As studies on emerging contaminants mixtures toxicity are still scarce, research presented here constitute an important part in confirming utility and versatility of emerging contaminants modeling in environmental toxicology.
新兴关注污染物可被视为任何化学物质或因素，其意外的持续释放和在环境中的持续存在可能导致生物产生任何可观察到的不良反应。对于给定化学物质在二元或更复杂混合物中存在时的相互毒性影响，人们知之甚少。因此，在这项工作中，我们试图研究丁基对羟基苯甲酸酯、甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯和双氯芬酸对三氯生（在不同浓度水平下）的毒理学行为和性质的影响，涉及 Microtox、XenoScreen YES/YAS、Caco-2、HEPG2 和脂质体系统。在进行分析和生物学研究之后，使用两种建模方法（浓度加和（CA）和独立作用（IA））在每个研究化学物质的三个浓度水平下进行了建模。在 Microtox 中，即使研究的三氯生的最高浓度受到少量甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯和丁基对羟基苯甲酸酯的影响，双氯芬酸也更喜欢在其最低浓度水平（使用 CA 模型）影响三氯生的活性。三氯生的雌激素激动特性以拮抗方式受到两种防腐剂的严重影响；在所有情况下，双氯芬酸在研究的最低三氯生浓度下均显示低估或协同作用。在二元混合物中，双氯芬酸和防腐剂也略微影响三氯生的雌激素拮抗活性，表现出高估和拮抗作用。在测试浓度下，HepG2 细胞似乎对混合物的毒性作用最具抵抗力，并且用 MTT 测定法无法检测到协同或拮抗作用的明显证据。脂质体测定混合物遵循与用 MTT 测定 Caco-2 细胞获得的相同趋势，证实了本研究中使用的体外模型的有效性。由于新兴污染物混合物毒性的研究仍然很少，因此这里提出的研究构成了确认新兴污染物在环境毒理学中建模的实用性和多功能性的重要部分。
