Food sources are more important than biomagnification on mercury bioaccumulation in marine fishes.

Marine animals often accumulate various harmful substances through the foods they ingest. The bioaccumulation levels of these harmful substances are affected by the degrees of pollution in the food and of biomagnification; however, which of these sources is more important is not well-investigated for mercury (Hg) bioaccumulation. Here we addressed this issue in fishes that inhabit the waters around Minamata Bay, located off the west coast of Kyushu Island in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. The total Hg concentration (hereafter [THg]) and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δC and δN) were analyzed in the muscle tissue of 10 fish species, of which more than five individuals were caught by gillnet. Except one species, each was separated into two trophic groups with respective lower and higher δC values ranging from -17‰ to -16‰ and -15‰ to -14‰, which suggested that the fishes depended more on either phytoplankton- and microphytobenthos-derived foods (i.e., pelagic and benthic trophic pathways), respectively. Linear mixed effects models showed that the Hg levels were significantly associated with both δN and the differences in the trophic groups. [THg] increased with δN (i.e., indicative of higher trophic levels), but the slopes did not differ between the two trophic groups. [THg] was significantly higher in the group with higher δC values than in those with lower δC values. The effect size from marginal R squared (R) values showed that the variation in [THg] was strongly ascribed to the trophic group difference rather than δN. These results suggest that the substantial Hg bioaccumulation in the fishes of Minamata Bay is mainly an effect of ingesting the microphytobenthos-derived foods that contain Hg, and that the subsequent biomagnification is secondary.