Magrone Thea, Magrone Manrico, Jirillo Emilio
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20(8):1166-1181. doi: 10.2174/1871530320666200309094726.
Eosinophils are primitive myeloid cells derived from bonemarrow precursors and require the intervention of interleukin (IL)-5 for their survival and persistence in blood and tissues. Under steady-state conditions, they contribute to immune regulation and homeostasis. Under pathological circumstances, eosinophils are involved in host protection against parasites and participate in allergy and inflammation.
Mostly, in asthma, eosinophils provoke airway damage via the release of granule contents and IL-13 with mucus hypersecretion and differentiation of goblet cells. Then, tissue remodeling follows with the secretion of transforming growth factor-β. Eosinophils are able to kill helminth larvae acting as antigen-presenting cells with the involvement of T helper (h)-2 cells and subsequent antibody response. However, they also exert pro-worm activity with the production of suppressive cytokine (IL- 10 and IL-4) and inhibition of nitric oxide. Eosinophils may play a pathogenic role in the course of chronic and autoimmune disease, e.g., inflammatory bowel disease and eosinophilic gastroenteritis, regulating Th2 responses and promoting a profibrotic effect. In atopic dermatitis, eosinophils are commonly detected and may be associated with disease severity. In cutaneous spontaneous urticaria, eosinophils participate in the formation of wheals, tissue remodeling and modifications of vascular permeability. With regard to tumor growth, it seems that IgE can exert anti-neoplastic surveillance via mast cell and eosinophil-mediated cytotoxicity, the so-called allergo-oncology. From a therapeutic point of view, monoclonal antibodies directed against IL-5 or the IL-5 receptors have been shown to be very effective in patients with severe asthma. Finally, as an alternative treatment, polyphenols for their anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities seem to be effective in reducing serum IgE and eosinophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage in murine asthma.
Eosinophils are cells endowed with multiple functions and their modulation with monoclonal antibodies and nutraceuticals may be effective in the treatment of chronic disease.
嗜酸性粒细胞是源自骨髓前体细胞的原始髓系细胞，其在血液和组织中的存活及持续存在需要白细胞介素（IL）-5的干预。在稳态条件下，它们有助于免疫调节和体内平衡。在病理情况下，嗜酸性粒细胞参与宿主对寄生虫的防御，并参与过敏和炎症反应。
在哮喘中，嗜酸性粒细胞主要通过释放颗粒内容物和IL-13引发气道损伤，导致黏液分泌过多和杯状细胞分化。随后，随着转化生长因子-β的分泌，组织发生重塑。嗜酸性粒细胞能够作为抗原呈递细胞，在辅助性T（h）-2细胞的参与及后续抗体反应下杀死蠕虫幼虫。然而，它们也通过产生抑制性细胞因子（IL-10和IL-4）和抑制一氧化氮发挥促进蠕虫的活性。嗜酸性粒细胞可能在慢性和自身免疫性疾病（如炎症性肠病和嗜酸性粒细胞性胃肠炎）的病程中发挥致病作用，调节Th2反应并促进促纤维化作用。在特应性皮炎中，通常可检测到嗜酸性粒细胞，且可能与疾病严重程度相关。在皮肤自发性荨麻疹中，嗜酸性粒细胞参与风团的形成、组织重塑和血管通透性的改变。关于肿瘤生长，似乎IgE可通过肥大细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞介导的细胞毒性发挥抗肿瘤监测作用，即所谓的过敏肿瘤学。从治疗角度来看，针对IL-5或IL-5受体的单克隆抗体已被证明对重症哮喘患者非常有效。最后，作为一种替代治疗方法，具有抗炎和抗过敏活性的多酚似乎可有效降低小鼠哮喘支气管肺泡灌洗中的血清IgE和嗜酸性粒细胞计数。
嗜酸性粒细胞是具有多种功能的细胞，用单克隆抗体和营养保健品对其进行调节可能对慢性病的治疗有效。
