Section for Military Leadership and Sport, Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College, Norwegian Defence University College, P.O. Box 1550 Sentrum, Oslo N-0015, Norway.
The Air Force Staff, The Royal Norwegian Air Force, Flyplassveien 300, Rygge N-1580, Norway.
Mil Med. 2020 Aug 14;185(7-8):e1112-e1119. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usz470.
INTRODUCTION: High physical fitness is associated with increased occupational performance, better health, and reduced risk of injuries in military personnel. Thus, the military emphasizes physical training to maintain or develop physical fitness in their soldiers. It is important to monitor the effect of the physical training regime, but such information is lacking for Norwegian military cadets. Hence, the primary aim of this study was to investigate changes in anthropometrics and physical fitness among male and female army, navy and air force cadets during 3 years of military academy education. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 260 male and 29 female Norwegian cadets from the army, navy, and air force academies volunteered to participate. Anthropometrics, muscular power, muscular endurance, and maximal oxygen uptake were measured at entry (T0) and end of each year (T1, T2, and T3). Linear mixed models were used to examine the development in anthropometrics and physical fitness. We applied to the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics to review the study before start-up, but the study was considered exempted from notification. The study was reviewed and approved by the Norwegian Social Science Data Services. RESULTS: Male and female cadets significantly increased their body weight, fat-free mass, body mass index, and percent body fat by 1 to 5% from T0 to T3. Skeletal muscle mass was unchanged. Muscular power (medicine ball throw and vertical jump) and muscular endurance (pull-ups and push-ups) increased by 3 to 20% in male cadets, while female cadets only increased results significantly for the medicine ball throw (10%). Relative maximal oxygen uptake decreased by 4% in both sexes, while absolute maximal oxygen uptake only decreased significantly (by 2%) in male cadets. Most of the observed changes were classified as trivial or small, according to calculated effect sizes. The observed changes were generally of similar magnitude for male and female cadets, and similar among the three academies. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometrics and physical fitness were relatively stable in Norwegian male and female army, navy, and air force cadets during 3 years of military academy education. Observed changes were typically classified as trivial or small. The initial gap in physical fitness between male and female cadets did not narrow during the education years. Norwegian male and female cadets displayed relatively good physical fitness profiles, compared to sex-matched cadets and soldiers from previously studied military populations.
简介：高身体适应性与职业表现的提高、更好的健康状况以及军事人员受伤风险的降低有关。因此，军队强调体能训练，以维持或发展士兵的身体适应性。监测体能训练计划的效果很重要，但挪威军事学员的相关信息却很缺乏。因此，本研究的主要目的是调查 3 年军事学院教育期间男性和女性陆军、海军和空军学员的人体测量学和身体素质的变化。
材料与方法：260 名来自陆军、海军和空军学院的男性和 29 名女性挪威学员自愿参加了这项研究。在入营时（T0）和每年年末（T1、T2 和 T3）测量人体测量学、肌肉力量、肌肉耐力和最大摄氧量。线性混合模型用于检查人体测量学和身体素质的发展情况。我们向地区医学和健康研究伦理委员会申请在启动前审查该研究，但该研究被认为无需通知。该研究由挪威社会科学数据服务进行了审查和批准。
结果：男性和女性学员的体重、去脂体重、体重指数和体脂百分比从 T0 到 T3 分别增加了 1%到 5%。骨骼肌量无变化。男性学员的肌肉力量（药球投掷和垂直跳跃）和肌肉耐力（引体向上和俯卧撑）增加了 3%到 20%，而女性学员仅在药球投掷方面的成绩显著增加（10%）。男女学员的相对最大摄氧量分别下降了 4%，而只有男性学员的绝对最大摄氧量显著下降（2%）。根据计算的效应量，观察到的大多数变化被归类为微不足道或较小。男性和女性学员之间的变化幅度大致相同，且在三个学院中也相似。
结论：在 3 年的军事学院教育期间，挪威男性和女性陆军、海军和空军学员的人体测量学和身体素质相对稳定。观察到的变化通常被归类为微不足道或较小。男女学员之间的初始身体素质差距在教育期间并没有缩小。与之前研究的军事人群中的同性别学员和士兵相比，挪威男女学员的身体素质表现相对较好。
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