Protective effect of propranolol and nadolol on social defeat-induced behavioral impairments in rats.

Benzodiazepines and SSRIs are considered as standard treatment options for anxiety and depression, hallmarks of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), although their use is often limited by adverse effects. While promising evidence emerged with β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) antagonists (or 'β-blockers') and PTSD relief, efficacy issues dampened the excitement. However, we believe it is premature to completely eliminate a beneficial role of β-blockers. Our previous work has suggested that social defeat (SD) results in anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors in rats. Here, using the SD paradigm, we examined the effect of several β-adrenergic receptor antagonists (propranolol, nadolol, bisoprolol) on these behaviors in rats. Following acclimatization, Sprague-Dawley rats received no treatment (for control groups) or treated with ; propranolol (50 mg/kg/day in water), or nadolol (18 mg/kg/day in rats' chow), or bisoprolol (15 mg/kg/day in water). The treatment lasted for 36 days, following which rats were subjected to SD/control exposures (1 week). Later, anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors, social interaction and learning-memory function tests were conducted. SD rats exhibited anxiety- and depression-like behavior as well as learning-memory impairment. Propranolol and nadolol protected SD rats from exhibiting anxiety-or depression-like behaviors. Bisoprolol treatment did not mitigate SD-induced behavioral impairments in rats. Nadolol, propranolol or bisoprolol have no effect in attenuating SD-induced memory function tests. These results suggest that certain 'β-blockers' have the potential to mitigate the negative psychological effects of traumatic events.