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利用微生物连续去除废水中的铬。

Successive use of microorganisms to remove chromium from wastewater.

机构信息

Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.

Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University, Multan, Pakistan.

出版信息

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020 May;104(9):3729-3743. doi: 10.1007/s00253-020-10533-y. Epub 2020 Mar 14.

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution is a direct consequence of the extensive utilization of heavy metals in various industrial processes. The persistence and nondegradability of heavy metals cause them to bioaccumulate in nature, and when they come in direct contact with the pristine environment, they not only contaminate it severely but also pose dire consequences to the health of all living forms on earth, including humans. Chromium (Cr) is one of the heavy metals which has been extensively used in various industrial processes such as mining, alloy manufacturing, tanning of hides and skins, pigment production, etc. However, it is regarded as a priority pollutant due to its highly toxic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic nature, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also categorized it into group "A" human carcinogen. In contrast to water-soluble hexavalent chromium (Cr), its reduced form, trivalent chromium (Cr), is relatively benign and readily precipitated at environmental pH. Thus, bioremediation of Cr through microorganisms including bacteria, yeast, and algae provides a promising approach to decontaminate a metal-polluted environment. This review describes an overview of the microbial reduction of Cr, resistance mechanism, and the antioxidant profiling exhibited by these microorganisms when exposed to Cr. It also describes the pilot-scale study of the successive use of bacterial, fungal, and algal strains and the subsequent use of microbially purified water for the cultivation of plant growth. Multiple metal-resistant microorganisms are a good bioresource for green chemistry to eradicate environmental Cr. KEY POINTS: • Hexavalent chromium (Cr) is highly toxic for living organisms including humans. • Microbial Cr resistance is mediated at the genetic, proteomic, and molecular levels. • Successive use of microorganisms is the best strategy to exterminate Crfrom the environment.

摘要

重金属污染是各种工业过程中广泛利用重金属的直接后果。重金属的持久性和不可降解性导致它们在自然界中生物累积,当它们直接接触原始环境时,不仅会严重污染环境,还会对地球上所有生物形式的健康造成严重后果,包括人类。铬(Cr)是一种广泛应用于各种工业过程的重金属,如采矿、合金制造、皮革鞣制、颜料生产等。然而,由于其高毒性、致畸性、致突变性和致癌性,它被认为是优先污染物,美国环境保护署(EPA)也将其归类为 A 类人类致癌物。与水溶性六价铬(Cr)相比,其还原形式三价铬(Cr)相对良性,在环境 pH 值下易于沉淀。因此,通过包括细菌、酵母和藻类在内的微生物进行 Cr 的生物修复为净化金属污染环境提供了一种有前途的方法。本综述描述了微生物还原 Cr 的概述、抗性机制以及这些微生物在暴露于 Cr 时表现出的抗氧化特征。它还描述了细菌、真菌和藻类菌株的连续使用以及随后使用微生物纯化水进行植物生长培养的中试规模研究。多种金属抗性微生物是绿色化学消除环境 Cr 的良好生物资源。要点:• 六价铬(Cr)对包括人类在内的生物体具有高度毒性。• 微生物 Cr 抗性是在遗传、蛋白质组学和分子水平上介导的。• 连续使用微生物是从环境中消灭 Cr 的最佳策略。

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