Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, 20059 Washington, DC, USA.
Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Leninskii 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia; Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
Ann Anat. 2020 Jul;230:151507. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151507. Epub 2020 Mar 12.
Limited gross anatomical information about the muscles of fins, in particular those of the median fins, creates substantial gaps in the comparative anatomy, homologies, and evolution of these muscles across fishes. The scarcity of data also makes it difficult to interpret results obtained in developmental studies done in model organisms, such as zebrafish. To overcome these gaps, we provide descriptions of the configuration of all appendicular muscles of Amia, median fins of Polypterus, and the dorsal and anal fins of Lepisosteus and Chondrostei. The musculature of other species, including sharks and sturgeons, is also revised. We describe muscles that were previously overlooked, report sexual dimorphism in the muscles of the anal fin of Polypterus, and reveal muscle variations within Polypterus males. Species dissected for the present study thus represent all major non-sarcopterygian extant clades of gnathostomes, i.e. Chondrichthyes, Polypteriformes, Chondrostei, Lepisosteiformes, Amiiformes and Teleostei. Moreover, we compare our observations with the relatively few works that have provided information about muscles of at least some fins of these taxa in order to provide a broad discussion on - and detailed schemes showing - the major evolutionary patterns within the appendicular musculature of these fishes. Such discussion provides an opportunity for a more comprehensive understanding of appendicular evolution and fish evolution in particular and of gnathostome and morphological evolution in general.
关于鳍的肌肉，特别是中鳍的肌肉，其大体解剖学信息有限，这在鱼类的比较解剖学、同源性和进化方面造成了很大的空白。数据的缺乏也使得很难解释在斑马鱼等模式生物中进行的发育研究中获得的结果。为了克服这些空白，我们提供了 Amia 的所有附肢肌肉、Polypterus 的中鳍以及 Lepisosteus 和软骨鱼的背鳍和臀鳍的配置描述。其他物种的肌肉结构，包括鲨鱼和鲟鱼，也进行了修订。我们描述了以前被忽视的肌肉，报告了 Polypterus 臀鳍肌肉的性别二态性，并揭示了 Polypterus 雄性内部的肌肉变化。因此，为本研究解剖的物种代表了硬骨鱼所有主要的非肉鳍类现存分支，即软骨鱼纲、多鳍鱼目、软骨鱼纲、骨鳔目、全骨鱼目和真骨鱼目。此外，我们将我们的观察结果与为数较少的提供了这些类群至少一些鳍部肌肉信息的工作进行了比较，以便对这些鱼类的附肢肌肉的主要进化模式进行广泛的讨论，并详细显示这些模式。这种讨论为更全面地理解附肢进化和鱼类进化，特别是硬骨鱼和形态进化提供了机会。
