Department of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan.
Int Immunol. 2020 Jun 26;32(7):467-473. doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa017.
Macrophages are heterogeneous and plastic, and play several diverse functions in immune responses. Emerging data provide evidence of multiple roles for metabolic pathways in the control of macrophage effector functions. The diverse functions of macrophages are categorized into two main subsets: classical activated macrophages (M1) and alternative activated macrophages (M2). M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species and migrate into inflamed sites as a part of host defenses. On the other hand, M2 macrophages are involved in immune homeostasis by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosing apoptotic cells. Metabolic reprogramming of environmental or cellular nutrients such as glucose, lipids and amino acids supports this diversity. Mechanistically, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) network plays important roles in the effector functions of macrophages by modulating cellular metabolism and regulating gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels. In this review, we outline immunometabolism and provide insights into metabolic regulation by mTOR in macrophages.
巨噬细胞是异质性和可塑性的，在免疫反应中发挥多种不同的功能。新出现的数据为代谢途径在控制巨噬细胞效应功能中的多种作用提供了证据。巨噬细胞的不同功能分为两个主要子集：经典激活的巨噬细胞（M1）和替代激活的巨噬细胞（M2）。M1 巨噬细胞分泌促炎细胞因子和活性氧，并作为宿主防御的一部分迁移到炎症部位。另一方面，M2 巨噬细胞通过产生抗炎细胞因子和吞噬凋亡细胞来参与免疫稳态。环境或细胞营养物质（如葡萄糖、脂质和氨基酸）的代谢重编程支持这种多样性。从机制上讲，雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）网络通过调节细胞代谢和在转录和翻译水平上调节基因表达，在巨噬细胞的效应功能中发挥重要作用。在这篇综述中，我们概述了免疫代谢，并深入了解了 mTOR 对巨噬细胞的代谢调控。
