Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
Neuropsychol Rev. 2020 Sep;30(3):362-385. doi: 10.1007/s11065-020-09432-w. Epub 2020 Mar 18.
The cerebellum facilitates and modulates cognitive functions using forward and inverse internal models to predict and control behavior, respectively. Despite neuroimaging evidence that regions of the cerebellum are active during executive function (EF) tasks in general, little is known about the cerebellum's role in specific EFs and their underlying neural networks. Inhibitory control specifically may be facilitated by cerebellar internal models predicting responses during proactive control (withholding), and controlling responses during reactive control (inhibiting). The stop signal task (SST) is an inhibitory control task often used in neuroimaging studies to measure neural responses to both proactive and reactive control. Thus, in this review, we examine evidence for the cerebellum's role in inhibitory control by reviewing studies of healthy adults that utilized the SST in event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments. Twenty-one studies that demonstrated cerebellar results were eligible for review, including 749 participants, 28 contrasts, and 38 cerebellar clusters. We also performed activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of contrasts derived from reviewed studies. This review illustrates evidence for the cerebellum participating in inhibitory control independent of motor control. Most significant cerebellar clusters were located in the left posterior cerebellum, suggesting that it communicates with the established cortical right-lateralized inhibitory control network. Cerebellar activity was most consistently observed for contrasts that measured proactive control, and ALE analysis confirmed that left Crus I is most likely to be activated in studies of proactive control measuring monitoring and anticipation. Results suggest that the left posterior cerebellum may communicate with right frontal and parietal cortices, using forward models to predict appropriate responses. Reactive control contrasts indicated a possible role for cerebellar regions in enhancing inhibition efficiency through inverse models, but ALE meta-analysis did not confirm this hypothesis. Limitations in the current literature, clinical implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
小脑通过正向和反向内部模型分别预测和控制行为来促进和调节认知功能。尽管神经影像学证据表明，小脑区域在执行功能 (EF) 任务中普遍活跃，但对于小脑在特定 EF 及其潜在神经网络中的作用知之甚少。特别是抑制控制可能会通过小脑内部模型预测主动控制（抑制）期间的反应，以及控制反应在反应性控制（抑制）期间的反应来促进。停止信号任务（SST）是一种抑制控制任务，常用于神经影像学研究，以测量对主动和反应性控制的神经反应。因此，在本综述中，我们通过审查使用 SST 进行事件相关功能磁共振成像 (fMRI) 实验的健康成年人的研究，来检查小脑在抑制控制中的作用的证据。符合审查条件的研究共有 21 项，共纳入 749 名参与者、28 个对照和 38 个小脑簇。我们还对综述研究中得出的对照进行了激活似然估计 (ALE) 荟萃分析。该综述说明了小脑参与抑制控制而不依赖于运动控制的证据。最显著的小脑簇位于左后小脑，表明它与已建立的皮质右侧抑制控制网络进行通信。小脑活动最常观察到的是用于测量主动控制的对照，ALE 分析证实，在测量监测和预期的主动控制研究中，左 Crus I 最有可能被激活。结果表明，左后小脑可能通过正向模型与右额叶和顶叶皮质进行通信，以预测适当的反应。反应性控制对照表明小脑区域可能通过反向模型在增强抑制效率方面发挥作用，但 ALE 荟萃分析并未证实这一假设。讨论了当前文献中的局限性、临床意义和未来研究方向。
