Hoeger Ulrich, Schenk Sven
Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
MAX F. PERUTZ LABORATORIES, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/4, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
Subcell Biochem. 2020;94:35-62. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-41769-7_2.
Lipoproteins mediate the transport of apolar lipids in the hydrophilic environment of physiological fluids such as the vertebrate blood and the arthropod hemolymph. In this overview, we will focus on the hemolymph lipoproteins in Crustacea that have received most attention during the last years: the high density lipoprotein/β-glucan binding proteins (HDL-BGBPs), the vitellogenins (VGs), the clotting proteins (CPs) and the more recently discovered large discoidal lipoproteins (dLPs). VGs are female specific lipoproteins which supply both proteins and lipids as storage material for the oocyte for later use by the developing embryo. Unusual within the invertebrates, the crustacean yolk proteins-formerly designated VGs-are more related to the ApoB type lipoproteins of vertebrates and are now termed apolipocrustaceins. The CPs on the other hand, which are present in both sexes, are related to the (sex specific) VGs of insects and vertebrates. CPs serve in hemostasis and wound closure but also as storage proteins in the oocyte. The HDL-BGBPs are the main lipid transporters, but are also involved in immune defense. Most crustacean lipoproteins belong to the family of the large lipid transfer proteins (LLTPs) such as the intracellular microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, the VGs, CPs and the dLPs. In contrast, the HDL-BGBPs do not belong to the LLTPs and their relationship with other lipoproteins is unknown. However, they originate from a common precursor with the dLPs, whose functions are as yet unknown. The majority of lipoprotein studies have focused on decapod crustaceans, especially shrimps, due to their economic importance. However, we will present evidence that the HDL-BGBPs are restricted to the decapod crustaceans which raises the question as to the main lipid transporting proteins of the other crustacean groups. The diversity of crustaceans lipoproteins thus appears to be more complex than reflected by the present state of knowledge.
脂蛋白介导非极性脂质在诸如脊椎动物血液和节肢动物血淋巴等生理体液的亲水环境中的运输。在本综述中，我们将聚焦于近年来受到最多关注的甲壳纲动物血淋巴脂蛋白：高密度脂蛋白/β-葡聚糖结合蛋白（HDL-BGBPs）、卵黄蛋白原（VGs）、凝血蛋白（CPs）以及最近发现的大型盘状脂蛋白（dLPs）。VGs是雌性特异性脂蛋白，它们为卵母细胞提供蛋白质和脂质作为储存物质，供发育中的胚胎后期使用。在无脊椎动物中不同寻常的是，甲壳纲动物的卵黄蛋白——以前称为VGs——与脊椎动物的载脂蛋白B型脂蛋白关系更为密切，现在被称为载脂蛋白甲壳蛋白。另一方面，两性都存在的CPs与昆虫和脊椎动物（性别特异性）的VGs相关。CPs用于止血和伤口愈合，但也作为卵母细胞中的储存蛋白。HDL-BGBPs是主要的脂质转运蛋白，但也参与免疫防御。大多数甲壳纲动物脂蛋白属于大型脂质转运蛋白（LLTPs）家族，如细胞内微粒体甘油三酯转运蛋白、VGs、CPs和dLPs。相比之下，HDL-BGBPs不属于LLTPs，它们与其他脂蛋白的关系尚不清楚。然而，它们与dLPs起源于共同的前体，其功能尚不清楚。由于十足目甲壳动物具有经济重要性，大多数脂蛋白研究都集中在十足目甲壳动物，尤其是虾类。然而，我们将提供证据表明HDL-BGBPs仅限于十足目甲壳动物，这就引出了关于其他甲壳纲动物群体主要脂质转运蛋白的问题。因此，甲壳纲动物脂蛋白的多样性似乎比目前的知识状态所反映的更为复杂。
