Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu (J&K), 181143, India.
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra (H.P.), 176215, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 May;27(15):18875-18892. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-08374-3. Epub 2020 Mar 23.
Fine particulate (PM) bound non-polar organic compounds (NPOCs) and associated diagnostic parameters were studied at Jammu, an urban location in the foothills of North-Western Himalayan Region. PM was collected daily (24 h, once a week) over a year to assess monthly and seasonal variations in NPOC concentration and their source(s) activity. Samples were analyzed on thermal desorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry to identify and quantify source-specific organic markers. Homologous series of n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), isoprenoid hydrocarbons and nicotine were investigated to understand the sources of aerosols in the region. The annual mean concentration of PM during the sampling period was found higher than the permissible limit of India's National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. The rise of concentration for PM and associated NPOCs in summer season was attributed to enhanced emission. The n-alkane-based diagnostic parameters indicated mixed contributions of NPOCs from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel-related combustion with significant inputs from biogenic emission. Moreover, high influence of petrogenic contribution was observed in summer (monsoon) months. The quantifiable amounts of isoprenoid hydrocarbons further confirmed this observation. Total PAH concentration also followed an increasing trend from March to June, and June onwards a sharp decrease was observed. The higher concentration of environmental tobacco smoke marker nicotine in winter months was plausibly due to lower air temperature and conditions unfavourable to photo-degradation. A clear dominance of low molecular weight PAHs was noticed with rare presence of toxic PAHs in the ambient atmosphere of Jammu. PAH-based diagnostic parameters suggested substantial contribution from low temperature pyrolysis processes like biomass/crop-residue burning, wood and coal fire in the region. Specific wood burning markers further confirmed this observation.
在喜马拉雅山西北部山麓的一个城市——查谟，研究了细颗粒物 (PM) 结合的非极性有机化合物 (NPOC) 以及相关的诊断参数。在一年的时间里，每天（24 小时一次，每周一次）采集 PM 样本，以评估 NPOC 浓度的月度和季节性变化及其来源活动。通过热解吸-气相色谱质谱联用仪对样品进行分析，以鉴定和量化来源特异性有机标志物。研究了同系物正构烷烃、多环芳烃 (PAH)、异戊二烯类碳氢化合物和尼古丁，以了解该地区气溶胶的来源。在采样期间，PM 的年平均浓度高于印度国家环境空气质量标准 (NAAQS) 和世界卫生组织 (WHO) 指南的允许限值。夏季 PM 和相关 NPOC 浓度升高归因于排放量增加。基于正构烷烃的诊断参数表明，NPOC 来自人为来源，如与化石燃料相关的燃烧，同时也有显著的生物源排放。此外，在夏季（季风）月份观察到石油源的影响较大。可量化的异戊二烯类碳氢化合物进一步证实了这一观察结果。总多环芳烃浓度也呈现从 3 月到 6 月增加的趋势，6 月以后则急剧下降。冬季环境烟草烟雾标志物尼古丁浓度较高，可能是由于空气温度较低，不利于光降解。在查谟的环境空气中，发现低分子量多环芳烃明显占主导地位，有毒多环芳烃很少。基于多环芳烃的诊断参数表明，该地区存在大量来自低温热解过程的贡献，如生物质/作物残余物燃烧、木材和煤炭燃烧。特定的木柴燃烧标志物进一步证实了这一观察结果。
