National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Near CRPF Base Camp, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Post Office Mati, Lucknow, U.P., 226 002, India.
Curr Environ Health Rep. 2020 Jun;7(2):140-146. doi: 10.1007/s40572-020-00270-9.
When safe and adequate exposure of an essential trace element is exceeded it becomes potentially toxic. Fluoride is one classic example of such a double edged sword which both plays a fundamental role in the normal growth and development of the body for example the consumption of levels between 0.5-1.0 ppm via drinking water is beneficial for prevention of dental caries but its excessive consumption leads to development of fluorosis. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The abundance of fluorine in the environment as well as in drinking water sources are the major contributors to fluorosis. It is a serious public health concern as it is a noteworthy medical problem in 24 nations including India yet the threat of fluorosis has not been rooted out. The review focuses on recent findings related to skeletal fluorosis and role of oxidative stress in its development. The fluoride mitigation strategies adopted in recent years are also discussed. RECENT FINDINGS BASED ON CASE STUDIES: Recent findings revealed that consumption of fluoride at concentrations of 1.5 ppm is majorly responsible for skeletal fluorosis. The sampling from rural areas showed that 80% villages are having fluoride concentrations more than the WHO permissible limits and people residing in such areas are affected by the skeletal fluorosis and also in the regions of Africa and Asia endemic fluorosis have been accounted in the majority of the region affecting approximately 100 million people. Various mitigation programmes and strategies have been conducted all over the world using defluoridation. Fluorosis is a slow and progressive malady affecting our body and a serious concern to be taken into consideration and to be dealt with effectively. The fluoride toxicity although reversible, is a slow process and the side effects lack treatment options. The treatment options available are either not approachable or affordable in the rural areas commonly suffering from the fluoride toxicity. No specific treatments are available to date to treat skeletal fluorosis affectively; therefore, prevention is one of most safest and best approach to fight fluorosis. The current review lays emphasis on the skeletal fluorosis and its prevalence in recent years. It also includes the recent findings as well as the current strategies related to combat skeletal fluorosis and provides findings that might be helpful to promote the research in the field of effective treatment for fluorosis as well as development of easy and affordable methods of fluoride removal from water.
当必需微量元素的安全和充足暴露超过时，它就会变得具有潜在毒性。氟化物就是一个典型的例子，它既是身体正常生长和发育的基本要素（例如，通过饮用水摄入 0.5-1.0ppm 的水平有益于预防龋齿），但摄入过量也会导致氟中毒。
环境中以及饮用水源中的氟含量是氟中毒的主要原因。它是一个严重的公共卫生问题，因为它是包括印度在内的 24 个国家的一个重要医学问题，但氟中毒的威胁尚未消除。该综述重点关注与骨骼氟中毒相关的最新发现以及氧化应激在其发展中的作用。还讨论了近年来采用的氟化物缓解策略。
最近的研究结果表明，浓度为 1.5ppm 的氟化物摄入主要导致骨骼氟中毒。对农村地区的采样显示，80%的村庄氟浓度超过世卫组织允许的限度，居住在这些地区的人们受到骨骼氟中毒的影响，而且在非洲和亚洲的一些地区，地方性氟中毒在大多数地区都很普遍，影响了大约 1 亿人。全世界都在开展各种除氟的缓解计划和策略。氟中毒是一种缓慢而渐进的疾病，影响着我们的身体，是一个需要认真考虑并有效应对的严重问题。尽管氟中毒是可逆的，但这是一个缓慢的过程，而且缺乏治疗选择。现有的治疗选择在农村地区通常无法获得或负担得起。目前还没有有效的治疗方法来治疗骨骼氟中毒；因此，预防是对抗氟中毒最安全和最好的方法之一。本综述重点介绍了近年来骨骼氟中毒的流行情况。它还包括最近的发现以及与防治骨骼氟中毒相关的当前策略，并提供了可能有助于促进该领域有效治疗氟中毒以及开发简单、负担得起的除水氟化物方法的研究结果。
