Akinfalabi Shehu-Ibrahim, Rashid Umer, Arbi Nehdi Imededdine, Yaw Choong Thomas Shean, Sbihi Hassen Mohamed, Gewik Mohamed Mossad
Institute of Advanced Technology, Engineering Faculty, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
R Soc Open Sci. 2020 Jan 15;7(1):191592. doi: 10.1098/rsos.191592. eCollection 2020 Jan.
The optimum conditions to produce palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD)-derived-methyl esters via esterification have been demonstrated with the aid of the response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite rotatable design in the presence of heterogeneous acid catalyst. The effect of four reaction variables, reaction time (30-110 min), reaction temperature (30-70°C), catalyst concentration (1-3 wt.%) and methanol : PFAD molar ratio (3 : 1-11 : 1), were investigated. The reaction time had the most influence on the yield response, while the interaction between the reaction time and the catalyst concentration, with an -value of 95.61, contributed the most to the esterification reaction. The model had an -value of 0.9855, suggesting a fit model, which gave a maximum yield of 95%. The fuel properties of produced PFAD methyl ester were appraised based on the acid value, iodine value, cloud and pour points, flash point, kinematic viscosity, density, ash and water contents and were compared with biodiesel EN 14214 and ASTM D-6751 standard limits. The PFAD methyl ester was further blended with petro-diesel from B0, B3, B5, B10, B20 and B100, on a volumetric basis. The blends were characterized by TGA, DTG and FTIR. With an acid value of 0.42 (mg KOH g), iodine value of 63 (g.I/100 g), kinematic viscosity of 4.31 (mm s), the PFAD methyl ester has shown good fuel potential, as all of its fuel properties were within the permissible international standards for biodiesel.
在非均相酸催化剂存在的情况下，借助响应面法（RSM）和中心复合旋转设计，已证明了通过酯化反应生产棕榈脂肪酸馏出物（PFAD）衍生甲酯的最佳条件。研究了四个反应变量的影响，即反应时间（30 - 110分钟）、反应温度（30 - 70°C）、催化剂浓度（1 - 3重量%）和甲醇与PFAD的摩尔比（3:1 - 11:1）。反应时间对产率响应的影响最大，而反应时间与催化剂浓度之间的相互作用（-值为95.61）对酯化反应的贡献最大。该模型的-值为0.9855，表明是一个拟合良好的模型，其最大产率为95%。基于酸值、碘值、浊点和倾点、闪点、运动粘度、密度、灰分和水分含量对所生产的PFAD甲酯的燃料性能进行了评估，并与生物柴油EN 14214和ASTM D - 6751标准限值进行了比较。PFAD甲酯还按体积比与来自B0、B3、B5、B10、B20和B100的石化柴油进行了混合。通过热重分析（TGA）、微商热重分析（DTG）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对混合物进行了表征。PFAD甲酯的酸值为0.42（mg KOH/g），碘值为63（g.I/100 g），运动粘度为4.31（mm²/s），显示出良好的燃料潜力，因为其所有燃料性能均在生物柴油的国际许可标准范围内。
