Antibiofouling performance and mechanisms of a modified polyvinylidene fluoride membrane in an MBR for wastewater treatment: Role of silver@silica nanopollens.

Biofouling remains to be one of major obstacles in membrane bioreactors (MBRs), calling for the development of antibiofouling membranes. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), being a kind of broad spectrum bactericidal agent, have been widely used for modifying membrane; however, uncontrollable release of AgNPs and thus a short lifetime of modified membranes are thorny issues for the AgNPs-modified membranes. In this study, silica nanopollens were used as AgNPs nanocarriers for membrane modification (ASNP-M), which could improve silver delivery efficacy, avoid agglomeration and control Ag release towards bacteria. At a silver loading of 107.7 ± 10.9 μg Ag/cm, ASNP-M effectively inhibited growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with an Ag release rate of 0.5 μg/(cm d). Long-term MBR tests showed that ASNP-M exhibited a significantly reduced transmembrane pressure increase rate of 0.88 ± 0.34 kPa/d which was much lower than that of two control membranes, i.e., pristine membrane (M0) (2.32 ± 0.86 kPa/d) and Ag@silica nanospheres (without spikes) modified membrane (ASNS-M) (2.25 ± 1.28 kPa/d). No significant adverse influences on the pollutant removal were also observed in the reactor. Foulants analysis revealed that biofilm of ASNP-M was thinner and comprised of mainly dead cells, and only organic matter with strong adhesion properties was allowed to attach onto the membrane surface. Bacterial community analysis suggested that the incorporation of Ag@silica nanopollens inhibited colonization of bacteria which are capable of causing membrane biofouling (e.g., Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria). These findings highlight the potential of the antibiofouling membrane to be used in MBRs for wastewater treatment and reclamation.